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The tongue is capable of vigerous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]].
The tongue is capable of vigerous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]].
==Muscles==
'''Intrinsic Muscles'''
*The dorsal and ventral longitudinal
* Transverse and vertical bundles
'''Extrinsic Muscles'''
*Styloglossus
-Origin: Hyoid apparatus (stylohyoid)
-Retracts and elevates tongue
*Genioglossus
-Origin: Incisive part of mandible
-Protrudes and depressed tongue
*Hyoglossus
-Origin: Hyoid apparatus (basihyoid)
-Retracts and depresses tongue
*Geniohyoideus
-Origin: Incisive part of mandible
-Insertion: Body of hyoid
-Lies below the tongue (not within it)
-Draws the hyoid and therefore the tongue forward
==Innervation==
==Innervation==
*All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
*Rostral 2/3 of tongue is innervated by the lingual branch of trigeminal (CN V) which is sensory supplying temperature, touch and pain. The Chorda tympani of facial (CN VII) supplies the taste.
*The caudal 1/3 of tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) providing motor function for taste.
==Histology==
==Histology==
*Stratified squamous epithelium
*Lingual glands
*Lingual glands
*Degree of keratinisation depends on diet
*Degree of keratinisation depends on diet
*Less keratinisation on ventral surface and sides of tongue
*Covered by papillae (taste buds)for protection and taste
*Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting
*Dog uses the tongue to lose heat by panting
*Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised
*Ruminant tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface)
*Cat has long papillae for grooming so tongue is rough