Changes

*Paired collateral ligaments attach the epicondyles to the tuberosities of the radius and ulna.

*Paired collateral ligaments attach the epicondyles to the tuberosities of the radius and ulna.

==Common Structures of the Distal Forelimb==

==Structures of the Distal Forelimb==

Carpal bones comprise two rows:

Carpal bones comprise two rows:

*Proximally, (mediolaterally), radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory bones

*Proximally, (mediolaterally), radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory bones

*Distally, 1st is missing, 2 and 3 are fused

*Distally, bones are numbered 1-5, though 5 is always fused with 4

===Metacarpal bones===

===Metacarpal bones===

The number of metacarpals varies widely among species, as the demand for their function changes: '''plantigrade''', or flat-footed, animals requiring the full complement of five metacarpal bones; the number is reduced in the upright stature of '''digitigrade''' animals such as the dog and cat, and shows the extreme in '''unguligrades''' like the horse, who depends entirely on the third metacarpal bone for its stature.

These are covered in detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==