Theileriosis - Cattle

Also Known As — Bovine Theileriosis — Theileria—East Coast Fever—Egyptian fever—Tropical theileriosis—Mediterranean Coast Fever

Caused By — Theileria parva — Theileria annulata

Theileria sp inside erythrocytes of host

Introduction

Theileriosis is a disease of mammals and birds caused by a protozoal pathogen which resides within the lymphocytes and macrophages

T. parva and T. annulata in cattle and T. Lestoguardi in sheep are the most economically important in domestic ruminants.

Theileria species are closely related to Babesia parasites.

Signalment

Buffalo, both domestic and wild, appear less susceptible to theileriosis.

Native animals also appear to have a higher degree of innate tolerance in endemic areas than those that are imported, even if of the same breed.

Friesians appear particularly susceptible to infection with Theileria species.

Parturition, lactation and stress can make an animal vulnerable to theileriosis, as they can any disease.

Age linked tolerance may make younger calves more tolerant of disease than adults in some areas.

Distribution

Distribution of disease depends on the presence of tick vectors and thus is primarily in tropical regions. Various species of tick are implicated.

The distribution of anaplasmosis is increasing all the time.

Lifecycle and Transmission

Theileria Lifecycle

Theileria species replicate asexually in the host primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, forming schizonts.

These then develop into piroplasma within the erythrocytes. These piroplasms include the gametes which are infective for ticks and capable of sexual reproduction.

Transmission is then trans-stadial.

Sexual reproduction of the parasite can only occur within the larval or nymph stage of the tick, in which sporogony can occur. The infective stage is within the salivary glands of the following stage of the tick.

The nymph or adult can then innoculate a mammalian host with the protozoan.

Because of its dependence upon the tick, transmission of Theileriosis is also affected by environmental and seasonal conditions. These will vary with geographical location.

Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor tick species are all commonly implicated.

For more information on ticks as vectors, see Tick Disease Transmission

In endemic areas, endemic stability is often reached, in which most or all cattle may be infected and be carriers and most ticks are also infected, but young calves gain solid immunity from their immune dams and therefore rarely show clinical disease. This state however takes time to stabilise and will cause significant economic losses in the process.

Clinical Signs

Bloody diarrhoea often seen in Theileriosis cases

Marked pyrexia, Lymph node enlargement, dyspnoea,epistaxis,emaciation, diarrhoea and other GI signs.

Ocular signs and masses may develop.

Pruritus and skin lesions/plaques are also seen.

Neurological and Reproductive signs may develop in chronic or endemic disease.

The degree of pyrexia, pathogen load and host susceptibility will determine the severity of clinical signs at presentation.

Diagnosis

Detection of parasite stages in thin blood smears with Giemsa staining.

Schizonts should be looked for in thin smears from lymph node or liver biopsies.

On post-mortem examination, blood is watery and carcasses are icteric and gelatinised. Numerous petechiae may be present within the mucous membranes, gut mucosae and heart. The liver is often pale and friable and the gall bladder distended with dark green bile. Ulcers are often evident in the abomasum of ruminants and are surrounded by haemorrhagic zones. Urine is dark brown due to the presence of bilirubin Pulmonary oedema may be present.

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests (IFAT) and ELISAs are also available and are useful for identifying carrier animals.

Sporozoites can also be detected within the salivary glands of ticks by staining with methyl-green pyronin and more recently with PCR.

Treatment

Buparvaquone and Halofuginone chemotherapeutics and/or Tetracyclines are the treatments of choice.

Control

Control of tick vectors and use of tick resistant host species such as zebu cattle in endemic areas is effective but expensive.

Care should be taken when intensively dipping to control ticks as upsurges in other tick borne diseases are not uncommon when programmes are interrupted.

Endemic stability can be encouraged by breeding indigenous or known carrier animals, although these are often still infective for ticks so separation from adult susceptible animals is essential to prevent further spread of disease.

Vaccines are available involving attenuated schizont-infected cells and are the mainstay of tropical theleriosis in endemic countries with highly susceptible cattle breeds.

References

Animal Health & Production Compendium, Theileriosis datasheet, accessed 03/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/