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Also known as: '''''plumbism — saturnism'''''
Also known as: '''''Plumbism — Saturnism'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Lead has a profound effect on antioxydant enzymes involved in the protection of erythrocytes and lead to '''capillary damage'''. Lead is also '''irritating, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, nephrotoxic and toxic to the haematopoietic system'''.
Lead has a profound effect on antioxydant enzymes involved in the protection of erythrocytes and lead to '''capillary damage'''. Lead is also '''irritating, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, nephrotoxic and toxic to the haematopoietic system'''.
In young animals ingesting a large dose at once, there is '''malfunction of osteoclasts''' and increased density of the metaphysis on radiographs.
In young animals ingesting a large dose at once, it causes '''malfunction of osteoclasts''' and increased density of the metaphysis on radiographs.
==Clinical signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Lead poisoning is most common in young animals. Clinical signs are associated with the '''gastro-intestinal and nervous systems'''.
Lead poisoning is most common in young animals. Clinical signs are associated with the '''gastro-intestinal and nervous systems'''.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
'''Haematology''' may show changes consistent but not pathognomonic for lead poisoning: normocytic, normochromic anaemia with basophilic stippling and nucleated erythrocytes out of proportion to the degree of anaemia. The anaemia is sometimes polychromatic and anisocytic, indicating a regenerative process.
'''Haematology''' may show changes consistent but not pathognomonic for lead poisoning: normocytic, normochromic [[:Category:Anaemia|anaemia]] with basophilic stippling and nucleated [[erythrocytes]] out of proportion to the degree of anaemia. The anaemia is sometimes polychromatic and anisocytic, indicating a regenerative process.
'''Biochemistry''': may reveal hepatic damage and elevations in ALP, ALT and bilirubin levels.
'''Biochemistry''': may reveal hepatic damage and elevations in ALP, ALT and [[bilirubin]] levels.
Measurement of '''lead levels''' in various tissues may be useful to evaluate excessive accumulation and to reflect the level of exposure, severity and prognosis. Concentrations of lead in the blood at 0.35 ppm, liver at 10 ppm, or kidney cortex at 10 ppm are consistent with a diagnosis of lead poisoning in most species.
Measurement of '''lead levels''' in various tissues may be useful to evaluate excessive accumulation and to reflect the level of exposure, severity and prognosis. Concentrations of lead in the blood at 0.35 ppm, liver at 10 ppm, or kidney cortex at 10 ppm are consistent with a diagnosis of lead poisoning in most species.
'''Radiographs''' may be useful to reveal metal particles in the gastrointestinal tract.
'''Radiographs''' may be useful to reveal metal particles in the gastrointestinal tract.
Other diseases may '''mimic''' the clinical signs of lead poisoning and in cattle, polioencephalomalacia, nervous coccidiosis, tetanus, hypovitaminosis A, hypomagnesemic tetany, nervous acetonemia, arsenic or mercury poisoning, brain abscess or neoplasia, rabies, listeriosis, and Haemophilus infections should be considered.
Other diseases may '''mimic''' the clinical signs of lead poisoning and in cattle, polioencephalomalacia, nervous coccidiosis, [[tetanus]], [[hypovitaminosis A]], [[Hypomagnesaemia|hypomagnesemic tetany]], nervous [[Ketosis of Cattle|acetonemia]], arsenic or mercury poisoning, brain abscess or neoplasia, [[rabies]], [[listeriosis]], and [[Category:Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus'']] infections should be considered.
In dogs, rabies, distemper, and hepatitis may appear similar to lead poisoning.
In dogs, rabies, [[distemper]], and [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|hepatitis]] may appear similar to lead poisoning.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Treatment may not be successful if tissue damage, particularly to the nervous system, is excessive.
Treatment may not be successful if tissue damage, particularly to the nervous system, is excessive.
In livestock, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC for 3 days. In dogs, a similar dose divided into 4 treatments/day is administered SC in 5% dextrose for 2-5 days. After a 1-wk rest period, an additional 5-day treatment may be required if clinical signs persist. No approved veterinary product containing Ca-EDTA is commercially available at present.
In livestock, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC for 3 days. In dogs, a similar dose divided into 4 treatments/day is administered SC in 5% dextrose for 2-5 days. After a one week rest period, an additional 5-day treatment may be required if clinical signs persist. No approved veterinary product containing Ca-EDTA is commercially available at present.
Thiamine alleviates clinical manifestations and reduces tissue deposition of lead. '''Combined Ca-EDTA and thiamine''' treatment appears to produce the most beneficial response.
Thiamine alleviates clinical manifestations and reduces tissue deposition of lead. '''Combined Ca-EDTA and thiamine''' treatment appears to produce the most beneficial response.
Payne, J. (2010) '''Lead poisoning in Cattle and Sheep''' ''In Practice'' 32, 64-69
Payne, J. (2010) '''Lead poisoning in Cattle and Sheep''' ''In Practice'' 32, 64-69
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[[Category:Bones - Metabolic Pathology]]
[[Category:Bones - Metabolic Pathology]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:To Do - Major]]
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