Palpable Points - Horse Anatomy

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()Map MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (Map)



Forelimb

The Shoulder

Bones

  • Cranial border of the scapula
  • Dorsal border of the scapular cartilage
  • Spine of the scapula
  • Caudal division of the greater tuberosity, humerus
  • Deltoid tuberosity, humerus
  • Greater tuberosity, humerus


Soft Tissue

  • Brachiocephalicus
  • Deltoid muscles
  • Triceps
  • Supraspinatus and infrapinatus

Antebrachium and Elbow

Bones

  • Olecranon
  • Lateral epicondyle, humerus
  • Lateral tuberosity, radius
  • Styloid process, radius


Joint

  • Identified between distal humeral epicondyle and lateral tuberosity of the radius. The collateral ligament runs between these two landmarks.


Soft tissue

  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • Common digital extensor
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris, the groove between these two muscles can be felt caudally
  • Tendon sheath of flexor carpi radialis

Metacarpal region and Carpus

Bones

  • Medial styloid process of radius
  • Lateral styloid process of radius
  • Accessory carpal bone
  • Medial and lateral splint bones and their buttons


Joint

  • Radiocarpal joint
  • Carpal canal


Soft tissue

  • Extensor carpi radialis tendon
  • Common digital extensor tendon
  • Lateral digital extensor tendon
  • Flexor reticulum
  • Superficial and deep digital flexor tendon
  • Accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Blood vessels and nerves in mid-metacarpal region
  • Medial palmar artery

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Bones

  • Sagittal ridge of dorsal metacarpus under CDE tendon
  • Dorsoproximal margin of proximal phalanx
  • Proximal sesamoid bones


Soft tissue

  • Common digital flexor tendon
  • Dorsal pouch of the joint either side of the CDE tendon
  • Lateral digital extensor
  • Neurovascular bundle on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoids
  • Collateral ligaments of proximal sesamoids
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Palmar annular ligament
  • Palmar pouch of joint
  • Proximal pouch of digital sheath between the suspensory ligament and digital flexor tendon


Pastern

Bones

  • Epicondyles of distal proximal phalanx and palmar processes of proximal middle phalanx show the site of the joint


Soft tissue

  • Dorsal pouch of distal interphalangeal joint
  • Collateral cartilage
  • Extensor slips from suspensory ligament attaching to the CDE tendon
  • Widening of common digital extensor tendon
  • Collateral ligaments of joint attaching to epicondyle of middle phalanx
  • Flexor tendons
  • Digital arteries


Foot

  • Coronary band and periople
  • Heel
  • Frog
  • Paracuneal sulcus
  • Sole
  • White line
  • Wall of hoof


Hindlimb

Thigh and Hindquarters

Bones

  • Tuber coxae
  • Greater trochanter of the femur
  • Third trochanter of the femur
  • Medial troclear ridge of the femur


Soft tissue

  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
  • Biceps femoris
  • Quadriceps
  • Gluteals
  • Tensor fascia latae


Crus and Stifle

Bones

  • Lateral condyle of tibia
  • Lateral malleolus of tibia
  • Tibial crest
  • Patella


Joints

  • Femeropatellar joint
  • Femerotibial joint


Soft tissue

  • Cranial tibial
  • Long and lateral digital extensor muscles
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Deep digital flexor muscle
  • Patellar ligaments
  • Quadriceps
  • Combined tendon of fibularis tertius and long digital extensor
  • Lateral and medial collateral ligaments
  • Medial menisci
  • Popliteal tendon


Hock

Bones

  • Lateral and medial malleolus of the tibia
  • Trochlea of the talus
  • Sustentaculum tali
  • Heads of the splint bones


Joints

  • Tarsocrural joint
  • Proximal intertarsal joint
  • Distal intertarsal joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joint


Soft tissue

  • Cranial tibial
  • Peroneus tertius
  • Long digital extensor
  • Lateral digital extensor
  • Lateral collateral ligaments
  • Saphenous vein
  • Medial collateral ligaments of tarsocrural joint
  • Cunean tendon
  • Achilles tendon - SDFT, gastrocnemius, deep tarsal ligaments
  • Calcaneal bursa
  • Plantar ligament of calcaneus

Metatarsal Region

Bones

  • Splint bones


Soft tissue

  • Long digital extensor tendon
  • Lateral digital extensor tendon
  • Lateral and medial palmar artery
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Flexor tendons


Metatarsophalangeal Joint and Foot

  • As for forelimb