Perineal Laceration - Horse
Introduction
Perineal lacerations are the result of foaling injuries.
There are three levels of perineal laceration:
- First Degree Perineal Laceration = damage to skin and mucous membrane only - vulval lacerations should be repaired immediately
- Second Degree Perineal Laceration = damage to skin, mucous membrane and musculature - the wound should be repaired after the formation of granulation tissue
- Third Degree Perineal Laceration = complete perforation of the vaginal wall and rectum producing a single opening to the rectum and vagina
All cases should receive anti-inflammatories, antibiotics and tetanus antitoxin.
Initial Assessment and Stabilisation
(1) Assess vital parameters for evidence of internal haemorrhage. This should including heart rate and mucous membrane colour.
(2) Palpate the anterior vagina and rectum, examining for evidence of possible tears in the abdominal cavity or peri-rectal space.
(3) Assess the location, size and depth of the tear and extent of deep-tissue injury
(4) Prevent or treat injury to other pelvic organs. Such injuries include uterine haemorrhage, tearing of the middle uterine artery, prolapse of the bladder, and injury to the small or large colon by the foal’s hind legs).
Treatment
Treatment of third degree perineal laceration is always surgical and the aim is to restore normal anatomy. If the foaling injury is less than 3 hours old, immediate repair can be considered but is rarely performed. There is usually extensive bruising and laceration therefore repair should be delayed until bruising has subsided and granulation tissue has formed, usually a minimum of 6–8 weeks after foaling.
Preparation for surgery:
- A laxative diet should be fed.
- The horse should be placed in stocks and sedated and restrained appropriately.
- The tail should be wrapped and tied.
- An epidural should be administered.
- The rectum should be emptied and packed to prevent contamination.
- The area should be clipped and scrubbed.
- Dorsolateral and ventrolateral retention sutures should be placed.
There are two techniques for repair of a third degree perineal laceration:
(1) The Aanes technique is a two-stage repair technique:
- stage 1 is the reconstruction the recto-vestibular shelf (the perineal body is left open). The wound is dissected to 2-3cm past the defect and then the shelf is closed in two layers - a simple continuous pattern is used in the tissue beneath the rectal mucosa to invert it and a six-bite interrupted purse-string suture is used to close the perineal shelf and vaginal mucosa.
- stage 2 involves the closure of the perineal body 3–4 weeks later. The site should be infiltrated with local anaesthetic prior to surgery. Excess tissue is removed and the edges of skin are sutured from the anal sphincter to the most ventral point of the incision. To eliminate dead space additional sutures may be placed deep to the perineal body. It is important that no sutures are placed in the anal sphincter. Sutures should be removed after 7-10 days.
(2) The Goetze technique is a one-stage operation that involves everting the rectal mucosa into the rectum and vaginal mucosa into the vagina using a purse string suture
Endometrial swabs should be taken once the wound has healed to check for the presence of endometritis.
Prognosis
The outcome is usually good if normal anatomy is restored, allowing normal function.
Reference
Pycock, JF (1997) Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Manson
McGladdery, A (2001) Dystocia and post-partum complications in the mare In Practice 2001 23: 74-8
Shepard, C (2010) Post-parturition examination of the foal and mare In Practice 2010 32: 97-10
RVC staff (2009) Urogenital system RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, Royal Veterinary College