Host Invasion by Microorganisms Flashcards

Host invasion

Question	Answer		Article
By what three routes can pathogens enter the body?	Contact Aerosol Orofecal		Link to Article

Viruses

Question	Answer		Article
Naked viruses contain only...?	RNA/DNA and protein coat		Link to Article
Name three functions of viral structural proteins	Protection of the genome Attachment to host cell Fusion of envelope to host cell membrane		Link to Article
Name the two main innate defenses against viral infection	Interferon Natural killer cells		Link to Article
Upon viral infection, which antibody isotype is increased at mucosal surfaces?	IgA		Link to Article
What do antibodies stop free virus particles from doing?	Binding to host cell, entering and uncoating		Link to Article
By what mechanism is complement able to damage the virion envelope?	Virolysis		Link to Article
When coupled with antibodies, what mechanisms does complement aid in immune defence?	Blocking the virus receptor Lysis of infected cells Opsonisation of free particles or infected cells		Link to Article
What are the main cytokines CD4+ T cells release to recruit macrophages?	IFN-γ TNF		Link to Article

Bacteria

Question	Answer		Article
Describe three ways prokaryotic DNA differs from eukaryotic DNA	Few repeated sequences Most of the DNA is transcibed No intervening sequences within structural genes		Link to Article
Bacteria with an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide are classed as...	Gram-negative		Link to Article
Bacteria with a round shape are classed as...	Cocci		Link to Article
Bacteria with a long shape are classed as...	Rods or bacilli		Link to Article
What are the four rules summarising the cause and effect relationship between bacteria and infection?	Koch's postulates		Link to Article
What is the condition, characterised by excessive cytokine production, that is caused by bacterial components such as LPS?	Endotoxin shock		Link to Article
By what mechanism do most bacteria replicate?	Binary fission		Link to Article
By what three mechanisms can bacteria transfer DNA?	Transformation Transduction Conjugation		Link to Article

Parasites

Question	Answer		Article
Do protozoa have a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell structure	Eukaryotic		Link to Article
What are the two main groups of helminth parasite?	Nematodes Platyhelminthes		Link to Article
What is the main cell type that mediates the destruction of larger parasites?	Eosinophils		Link to Article
What T cell subtype is required to fight intracellular protozoa	TH1		Link to Article
What T cell subtype is required to fight intestinal worms?	TH2		Link to Article
How do antibodies defend against parasitic infection?	Directly damaging protozoa Activating complement Blocking attachment to host cells Enhancing macrophage phagocytosis Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity		Link to Article

Originally funded by the RVC Jim Bee Award 2007