Changes

==Major Foramen and Canals==

==Major Foramen and Canals==

 

The '''jugular foramen''' is located either side of basilar part of occipital bone, adjacent to tympanic bulla and contains the '''glossopharyngeal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]), '''vagus nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and '''accessory nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XI]]). The jugular foramen also contains the '''internal carotid artery'''.

**Located either side of basilar part of occipital bone

**Adjacent to tympanic bulla

**Glossopharyngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]), vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and accessory nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XI]])

**Internal carotid artery

[[Image:Foramen Magnum.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foramen Magnum (Horse) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Foramen Magnum.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foramen Magnum (Horse) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

The '''foramen magnum''' is formed by the occipital bones and is the spinal cord's passage to the neck and body. The '''alar ligaments''' run through the foramen magnum together with vertebral arteries, spinal arteries and tectoral membranes. The '''hypoglossal canal''' is between paracondylar and condylar processes on lateral part of occipital bone. The '''hypoglossal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XII]]), '''condylar artery''' and '''condylar vein''' all pass through. The '''optic chiasma''' runs in a transverse depression behind the '''sphenoid rostrum''' on presphenoid bone and facilitates the path of the '''optic nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN II]]).

**Formed by occipital bones

**Spinal cord's passage to the neck and body

**Alar ligaments run through

**Vertebral arteries run through

**Spinal arteries run through

**Tectoral membranes run through

 

**Between paracondylar and condylar processes on lateral part of occipital bone

**Hypoglossal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XII]])

**Condylar artery and vein

 

**Runs in transverse depression behind sphenoid rostrum on presphenoid bone

**Path of the optic nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN II]])

[[Image:Sheep Skull Eye Foramen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Skull of a Sheep (optic canal, ethmoidal foramen and supraorbital foramen labelled) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Sheep Skull Eye Foramen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Skull of a Sheep (optic canal, ethmoidal foramen and supraorbital foramen labelled) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

The '''optic canal''' passes from the '''optic chiasma''' over wings of the presphenoid bones and facilitates the path of the '''optic nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN II]]). The '''oval foramen''' is found within the caudal wing of the basisphenoid bones and the '''mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V3]]) passes through it. The '''alar canal'' is formed by the rostral border of the basisphenoid bone at the base of the pterygoid processes. It is composed of the '''caudal alar foramen, rostral alar foramen''' and the '''small alar foramen'''. The '''maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V2]]) passes through together with the '''temporal artery'''.

**Ends from optic chiasma over wings of the presphenoid bones

**Optic nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN II]])

 

**Caudal wing of the basisphenoid bones

**Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V3]])

 

**Rostral border of the basisphenoid bone at the base of the pterygoid processes

**Composed of the caudal alar foramen, rostral alar foramen and the small alar foramen

**Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V2]])

**Temporal artery

[[Image:Pig Foramen Ventral.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foramen of the Pig (includes jugular, stylomastoid and lacernum - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Pig Foramen Ventral.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foramen of the Pig (includes jugular, stylomastoid and lacernum - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

The '''stylomastoid foramen''' is situated on the petrosal part of the temporal bone and allows the '''facial nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]) to pass through.

**Situated on the petrosal part of the temporal bone

**Facial nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]])

*Ethmoidal Foramen

*Ethmoidal Foramen