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== Introduction ==
Apergillosis is a disease of the respiratory system caused by several ''[[Aspergillus spp.]]''. ''Aspergillus fumigatus'' is the most frequently encountered species in domestic animals but ''Aspergillus tereus'' has also been reported. ''Aspergillus'' is a ubiquitous saprophyte and is found worldwide. It is also a component of normal hair, skin and mucosal flora in both humans and animals. Commonly affected species include birds, dogs, cats, horses and cattle but the disease has been reported in many other wild and domestic species.
Apergillosis is a disease of the respiratory system caused by several ''[[Aspergillus spp.]]''. ''Aspergillus fumigatus'' is the most frequently encountered species in domestic animals but ''Aspergillus tereus'' has also been reported. ''Aspergillus'' is a ubiquitous saprophyte and is found worldwide. It is also a component of normal hair, skin and mucosal flora in both humans and animals. Commonly affected species include birds, dogs, cats, horses and cattle but the disease has been reported in many other wild and domestic species.
==Pathogenesis==
== Pathogenesis ==
In '''dogs''', spores are inhaled from the environment leading to fungal colonisation of the nasal cavities. Following their deposition in tissue and recognition by phagocytes, an inflammatory response is triggered. Haemolytic and dermonecrotic toxins as well as fungal protease and elastase are released leading to tissue damage.
In '''dogs''', spores are inhaled from the environment leading to fungal colonisation of the nasal cavities. Following their deposition in tissue and recognition by phagocytes, an inflammatory response is triggered. Haemolytic and dermonecrotic toxins as well as fungal protease and elastase are released leading to tissue damage.
In '''horses''', the pathogenesis of '''guttural pouch mycosis''' is largely unknown but is thought to relate to damage to the mucosal layer of the pouches by trauma or infection. This enables opportunistic ''Aspergillus'' fungi to invade and colonise the damaged tissue.
In '''horses''', the pathogenesis of '''guttural pouch mycosis''' is largely unknown but is thought to relate to damage to the mucosal layer of the pouches by trauma or infection. This enables opportunistic ''Aspergillus'' fungi to invade and colonise the damaged tissue.
==Clinical signs and features==
== Clinical signs and features ==
{| align="right"
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| <gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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===Dogs===
=== Dogs ===
Aspergillosis is a common cause of nasal disease in dogs. Cases occur most commonly in young to middle aged male dogs, but there is no apparent age or sex predilection. A higher prevalence of disease has been reported in doliocephalic breeds and outdoor/farm dogs. Clinical signs are those seen with any chronic nasal disease and include sneezing, unilateral or bilateral serosanguinous nasal discharge, ulceration of the nares, nasal pain and epistaxis. Neurological signs may be displayed if there is involvement of the cribriform plate.
Aspergillosis is a common cause of nasal disease in dogs. Cases occur most commonly in young to middle aged male dogs, but there is no apparent age or sex predilection. A higher prevalence of disease has been reported in doliocephalic breeds and outdoor/farm dogs. Clinical signs are those seen with any chronic nasal disease and include sneezing, unilateral or bilateral serosanguinous nasal discharge, ulceration of the nares, nasal pain and epistaxis. Neurological signs may be displayed if there is involvement of the cribriform plate.
The disease is usually localised to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity but a disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts has been reported, particularly in German Shepherds. This form of disease often involves multiple organ systems including the spleen and kidneys. Clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, urinary incontinence and haematuria. The vertebrae are frequently affected and osteomyelitis and discospondlylitis are common features. Dermatological signs of disseminated aspergillosis include abscesses, draining tracts, oral ulcers and cutaneous nodules.
The disease is usually localised to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity but a disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts has been reported, particularly in German Shepherds. This form of disease often involves multiple organ systems including the spleen and kidneys. Clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, urinary incontinence and haematuria. The vertebrae are frequently affected and osteomyelitis and discospondlylitis are common features. Dermatological signs of disseminated aspergillosis include abscesses, draining tracts, oral ulcers and cutaneous nodules.
=== Horses ===
In the horse, ''Aspergillus'' most commonly affects the guttural pouches but infection may also lead to abortion, keratomycosis and rarely pulmonary aspergillosis. There is no age, sex or breed predisposition for guttural pouch mycosis and both left and right pouches are affected with equal frequency. Guttural pouch mycosis is characterised by spontaneous epistaxis (often in a resting horse) as a result of fungal erosion of the internal carotid artery. Other clinical signs include nasal discharge and dysphagia. Mycotic plaques are usually located on the caudodorsal aspect of the medial guttural pouch.
=== Cattle ===
Aspergillosis has a number of clinical manifestations in the cow including mastitis, placentitis, diarrhoea, ocular infection and mycotic pneumonia. Abortion in the second or third trimester of pregnancy has also been described. In the case of pulmonic disease, clinical signs may include pyrexia, cough, dyspnoea and tachypnoea but may be limited to vague signs such as weight loss or signs of mild respiratory disease. In aborting cattle, the foetus and placenta are retained and foetal lesions such as bronchopneumonia and dermatitis may be seen. Mastitic cows may display depression, weight loss and pyrexia with purulent mammary secretions and a hot, swollen udder.
===Cattle===
=== Birds ===
{| align="right"
{| align="right"
|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| <gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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Three forms of the disease have been reported in avian species; a diffuse infection of the air sacs; a diffuse pneumonic form and a nodular form involving the lungs. In chicks and poults the disease is known as 'brooder pneumonia' and may affect many birds in a flock. Animals become infected due to inhalation of spores from contaminated feed or litter. Clinical signs include dyspnoea, diarrhoea, listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition. Seizures and torticollis may occasionally occur if infection disseminates to the brain.
===Horses===
== Diagnosis ==
Diagnosis is obtained following '''endoscopic examination''' of the guttural pouches and observation of white-yellow-black mycotic plaques on the mucosal surface of the guttural pouches. Care must be taken whilst performing endoscopy due to the risk of dislodgement of a thrombus on the affected artery.
=== Dogs ===
'''Radiology''' is often performed in the diagnostic work up of an animal with suspected Aspergillosis. It should always be performed prior to other procedures such as rhinoscopy and biopsy in order to prevent haemorrhage that may obscure subtle radiographic findings. Open-mouth ventro-dorsal views often reveal generalised radiolucency and lysis of the turbinate bones. Additionally, '''cytological examination of aspirates''' often reveals presence of fungal hyphae with granulomatous to suppurative inflammation and necrosis. '''Rhinoscopy''' may also be used to directly visualise the lesions, revealing characteristic white-green fungal plaques and destruction of the nasal turbinates. It also allows collection of material for '''fungal culture'''. This may be achieved using Sabouraud's dextrose agar in order to demonstrate the organism but should not be used as the sole means of diagnosis due to the ubiquitous nature of ''Aspergillus'' in the environment. White colonies form initially which turn dark green, flat and velvet-like in appearance. '''Serological''' findings such as immunoelectophoresis, ELISA and agar gel diffusion may provide additional diagnostic information.
=== Horses ===
Diagnosis is obtained following '''endoscopic examination''' of the guttural pouches and observation of white-yellow-black mycotic plaques on the mucosal surface of the guttural pouches. Care must be taken whilst performing endoscopy due to the risk of dislodgement of a thrombus on the affected artery.
== Treatment ==
=== Dogs ===
The treatment of choice is topical application of the anti-fungal agent Clotrimazole. It is administered for one hour under general anaesthetic via indwelling catheters placed in the frontal sinus. Several treatments may be required. For cases that are non-responsive to Clotrimazole, treatment with Enilconazole may be attempted but this is associated with a higher complication rate.
The treatment of choice is topical application of the anti-fungal agent Clotrimazole. It is administered for one hour under general anaesthetic via indwelling catheters placed in the frontal sinus. Several treatments may be required. For cases that are non-responsive to Clotrimazole, treatment with Enilconazole may be attempted but this is associated with a higher complication rate.
===Horses===
=== Horses ===
Trans-arterial coil embolisation under fluoroscopic guidance is performed in order to cause internal occlusion of the affected arteries. Following arterial occlusion the mycotic plaques usually resolve without necessitating further treatment.
Trans-arterial coil embolisation under fluoroscopic guidance is performed in order to cause internal occlusion of the affected arteries. Following arterial occlusion the mycotic plaques usually resolve without necessitating further treatment.
=== Cattle ===
Antifungal agents are currently unlicensed and management of the disease usually relies on preventative measures such as ensuring clean bedding and good husbandry.
Antifungal agents are currently unlicensed and management of the disease usually relies on preventative measures such as ensuring clean bedding and good husbandry.
==Test yourself with the Systemic Mycoses Flashcards==
== Test yourself with the Systemic Mycoses Flashcards ==
[[Systemic_Mycoses_-_WikiBugs#Aspergillosis|Aspergillosis Flashcards]]
[[Systemic Mycoses - WikiBugs#Aspergillosis|Aspergillosis Flashcards]]
==Literature Search==
== Literature Search ==
[[Image:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px|CABI logo.jpg]]
Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
<br> Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation). <br><br><br> [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Aspergillosis&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=dogs&occuring2=od&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=56&y=8&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Aspergillosis in dogs publications]
<br><br><br>
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Aspergillosis&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=dogs&occuring2=od&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=56&y=8&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Aspergillosis in dogs publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(cats) Aspergillosis in cats publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(cats) Aspergillosis in cats publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(horses) Aspergillosis in horses publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(horses) Aspergillosis in horses publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(cattle) Aspergillosis in cattle publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(cattle) Aspergillosis in cattle publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(birds) Aspergillosis in birds publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(birds) Aspergillosis in birds publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(sheep) Aspergillosis in sheep publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(sheep) Aspergillosis in sheep publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(goats) Aspergillosis in goats publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(goats) Aspergillosis in goats publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(pigs) Aspergillosis in pigs publications]
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(Aspergillosis)+AND+od:(pigs) Aspergillosis in pigs publications]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073017469.pdf ''' Aspergillosis: a sapromycotic zoonosis.''' Mahendra Pal; Pratibha Dave; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, Intas Polivet, 2006, 7, 2, pp 421-428, 44 ref. - '''Full text Article''']
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073017469.pdf '''Aspergillosis: a sapromycotic zoonosis.''' Mahendra Pal; Pratibha Dave; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, Intas Polivet, 2006, 7, 2, pp 421-428, 44 ref. - '''Full text Article''']
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|<center><p>'''Nasal Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|<center><p>'''Nasal Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
</gallery>
</gallery>
== References ==
== References ==
*Barr, S. C., Bowman, D. D. (2006) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: canine and feline infectious diseases and parasitology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
*Barr, S. C., Bowman, D. D. (2006) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: canine and feline infectious diseases and parasitology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
*Muller, G. H., Scott, D. W., Kirk, R. W., Miller, W. H., Griffin, C. E. (2001) '''Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
*Muller, G. H., Scott, D. W., Kirk, R. W., Miller, W. H., Griffin, C. E. (2001) '''Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
[[Category:Respiratory_Fungal_Infections]][[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Dog]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]][[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Birds]][[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]][[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Horse]]
[[Category:Respiratory_Fungal_Infections]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Birds]] [[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Horse]]