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Created page with "[[Image:Cattle fibrinopurulent arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission..."
[[Image:Cattle fibrinopurulent arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Cattle suppurative arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Suppurative arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
*Inflammation of intra-articular structures
*In farm animals usually due to infection
*In small animals usually due to non-infectious causes
*Classification:
**According to number of joints involved - '''polyarthritis'''
**According to type of inflammatory exudate
***'''Serous'''
****Increased synovial fluid production
****Resolves if uncomplicated
***'''Fibrinous'''
****Early stages:
*****Increased and more opaque synovial exudate
*****Enlarged hyperaemic villi
*****Small haemorrhages in synovial membrane
****Later stages:
*****Less exudate
*****Thickend synovial connective tissue
*****Marked villi proliferation (branching in microscopic preparations)
*****Proliferated synovial tissue -> peripheral fibrous tissue attempting repair across defective surface = '''pannus'''
****Mild cases resolve
****More severe cases - residual inflammation remains
****Most severe cases - organising fibrosis +/- ankylosis
***'''Purulent'''
****Usually from haemoatogenous spread e.g. neonatal navel ill
****May extend from adjacent abscesses
****More destructive
****Erosion of articular surfaces to underlying bone
****Forms abscesses
****Possible fistulation to the skin
*Caused by:
**Trauma
**Infectious organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
**Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
**Immune-mediated disease
[[Category:Arthritis]]
==Infectious arthritis==
*'''Bacterial arthritis'''
**Most common in food animals, especially young
**Portals of entry include:
***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
***Traumatic inoculation
***Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
*'''Viral arthritis'''
**Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
**Synovitis with cartilage destruction
**Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions
===In Sheep===
*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
*Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
*[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
*[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
===In Pigs===
*[[Erysipelas - Pig|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''' and [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
*'''''[[Haemophilus suis]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'''''
*'''''[[Mycoplasma hyosynoviae]]'' and ''M. hyorhinis'''''
===In Cattle===
*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
***Via umbilicus
***Also involves eyes and meninges
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
***Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
***May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
*Infections at any age:
**'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
***Suppurative arthrtis
***Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]
***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
***Fibrinous polyarthritis
**[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
***Severe disease in young calves
***High mortality
***Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
***Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
***Possibly due to intrauterine infection
**'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
***Uncommonly localises in joints
***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
===In Horses===
*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
**'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
**[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]
===In Goats===
*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]
===In Dogs===
*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
**May cause '''discospondylitis'''
**Destructive inflammatory lesion
**Bacterial localise in ''[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']] -> may spread to local bone
[[Category:Arthritis]]
[[Image:Cattle suppurative arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Suppurative arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
*Inflammation of intra-articular structures
*In farm animals usually due to infection
*In small animals usually due to non-infectious causes
*Classification:
**According to number of joints involved - '''polyarthritis'''
**According to type of inflammatory exudate
***'''Serous'''
****Increased synovial fluid production
****Resolves if uncomplicated
***'''Fibrinous'''
****Early stages:
*****Increased and more opaque synovial exudate
*****Enlarged hyperaemic villi
*****Small haemorrhages in synovial membrane
****Later stages:
*****Less exudate
*****Thickend synovial connective tissue
*****Marked villi proliferation (branching in microscopic preparations)
*****Proliferated synovial tissue -> peripheral fibrous tissue attempting repair across defective surface = '''pannus'''
****Mild cases resolve
****More severe cases - residual inflammation remains
****Most severe cases - organising fibrosis +/- ankylosis
***'''Purulent'''
****Usually from haemoatogenous spread e.g. neonatal navel ill
****May extend from adjacent abscesses
****More destructive
****Erosion of articular surfaces to underlying bone
****Forms abscesses
****Possible fistulation to the skin
*Caused by:
**Trauma
**Infectious organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
**Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
**Immune-mediated disease
[[Category:Arthritis]]
==Infectious arthritis==
*'''Bacterial arthritis'''
**Most common in food animals, especially young
**Portals of entry include:
***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
***Traumatic inoculation
***Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
*'''Viral arthritis'''
**Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
**Synovitis with cartilage destruction
**Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions
===In Sheep===
*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
*Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
*[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
*[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
===In Pigs===
*[[Erysipelas - Pig|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''' and [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
*'''''[[Haemophilus suis]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'''''
*'''''[[Mycoplasma hyosynoviae]]'' and ''M. hyorhinis'''''
===In Cattle===
*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
***Via umbilicus
***Also involves eyes and meninges
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
***Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
***May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
*Infections at any age:
**'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
***Suppurative arthrtis
***Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]
***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
***Fibrinous polyarthritis
**[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
***Severe disease in young calves
***High mortality
***Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
***Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
***Possibly due to intrauterine infection
**'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
***Uncommonly localises in joints
***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
===In Horses===
*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
**'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
**[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]
===In Goats===
*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]
===In Dogs===
*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
**May cause '''discospondylitis'''
**Destructive inflammatory lesion
**Bacterial localise in ''[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']] -> may spread to local bone
[[Category:Arthritis]]