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==Clinical==
== Synonyms ==
Husk, Hoose
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== Introduction ==
*''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' causes [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus viviparus|parasitic bronchitis]]
*''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' causes [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus viviparus|parasitic bronchitis]]
[[Image:Dictyocaulus viviparus.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Dictyocaulus viviparus.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Parasitic bronchitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Parasitic bronchitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
Dictyocaulus viviparous is the lung worm of cattle and is found in [[Tracheitis#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|large bronchi]].
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It is a member of the trichostrongylodiea family and is responsible for parasitic bronchitis in cattle.
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The penetration phase lasts one week and occurs when the larvae migrate to lungs. There are no clinical signs.
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Then the prepatent phase lasts 1- 3 weeks and is the development and migration of larvae leading to [[Bronchitis#Bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] and then eosinophilic exudate, causing the air passage to be blocked, resulting in alveolar collapse (distal to blockage). This is when clinical signs such as tachypnoea and coughing being to arise.
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The patent phase then lasts around 4- 8 weeks and the mature worms produce eggs during this period. Signs of [Bronchitis|Bronchitis]] are seen due to mature worms and [Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]] is seen due to aspiration of eggs and larvae causing cellular infiltration of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], macrophages and giant cells.
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Finally, the postpatent phase, which lasts around 8- 12 weeks is seen and here, the majority of worms are expelled. In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation, which may occur together with [[Pulmonary Emphysema|interstitial emphysema]] and [[Pulmonary Oedema|pulmonary oedema]], or secondary bacterial infection.
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Reinfection syndrome may occur if immune cattle are exposed to large numbers; only then will they show clinical signs.
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The disease is carried form year to year by overwintering L3 on pasture, as well as carrier animals. Knowledge of the full epidemiology of the disease is not yet understood. Calves pick up the overwintered L3 on pasture and a patent infection occurs producing L1 on the pasture. These migrate from the dungpat via fungus (Pilobolus) and the rest of the calves then become infected. There may be multiple cycles in one year. Immunity however, is rapidly acquired.
== Signalment ==
The disease affects cattle. It is more severe in calves and can even cause death in these species. There are milder clinical signs in adult cattle. There are no sex or breed predilections to the disease.
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== Clinical Signs ==
Signs include coughing and tachypnoea. In calves it can causes weight loss and even death in severe cases. In adult cattle, infection will tend to cause reduced milk yields and mild respiratory signs.
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== Diagnosis ==
History and season, as well as clinical signs are very indicative of the disease.
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A faecal examination for '''larvae''' using the Baerman technique, should be performed. Sick and healthy cattle should be tested.
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In adult cattle, a blood and milk ELISA can be used, however, this is of varying diagnostic quality.
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Retrospective diagnosis can be achieved by assessing the response to anthelmintic treatment.
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A post mortem can also be performed. The '''Inderbitzen technique''' can be used, which is where worms are flushed out of the lungs by pumping water through the pulmonary arteries. The water and worms are collected over a sieve. Worms are counted and 200-300 are required to cause clinical disease. Upon post mortem, one may also see pulmonary oedema and emphysema, which is thought to be caused due to a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of lungworm larvae.
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== Treatment and Control ==
If the animal is clinically affected, treatment with anthelmintic such as ivermectin can be used.
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Control of the disease can be achieved by strategic anthelmintic dosing such as invermectin being given 3, 8 and 13 weeks post turnout. There are limitations to this, such as is larvae are encountered early e.g. in the first 2 weeks after turnout or late in the grazing season.
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Vaccination, called 'Huskvac' is the control method of choice and prevents anthelmintic resistance aoccuring on farms. It should be given to first season calves that are reared indoors. The vaccine is oral and calves should be vaccinated 6 and 2 weeks prior to turnout. This results in the decreased clinical disease. The vaccine does not prevent infection completely, but reduces it enough to prevent clinical signs. Note; never mix vaccianted and unvaccinated animals.
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== References ==
Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing.
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Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) Parasitology Study Guide Part 2: Helminths, Royal Veterinary College.
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences.
[[Category:Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology]]
[[Category:Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]
[[Category:To Do - Clinical]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]