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+
Also Known As – '''''VS'''''
+
+Caused By – ''Vesicular Stomatitis Virus – VSV – Alagoas Virus – Brazil Virus – Cocal Virus – Piry Virus – Chandipura Virus – Isfahan Virus''
+
+==Introduction==
+[[File:VS Cow.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a cow. Copyright CFSPH Iowa State.]]
+[[File:VS Horse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a horse]]
+[[File:VS Foot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis coronary band lesion]]
+Vesicular Stomatitis is an '''oral disease''' of '''cattle, horses, pigs and people''', caused by a [[Rhabdoviridae | rhabdovirus]], of which there are two distinct serotypes: VSV-New Jersey (VS-NJ) and VSV-Indiana (VS-IN). Although antibodies have been found in many species of mammal and bird, no clinical signs appear to develop.
+
+The main importance of VS is its '''identical presentation to [[Foot and Mouth Disease]]''', in fact they cannot be clinically differentiated.
+
+VS is '''zoonotic''' and can cause acute flu-like disease in humans.
+
+This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
+
+==Distribution==
+VS is present exclusively in the Western hemisphere, mainly in the '''Americas''', including parts of the Caribbean and South America.
+
+VS is transmitted by a range of insect vectors including the [[Musca spp. | house fly]] and [[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]].
+
+The virus can also be transmitted via '''direct contact''' with lesions, saliva and fomites.
+
+==Signalment==
+Young animals <1 year old are less likely to exhibit clinical signs although seroconversion occurs.
+
+Disease occurs seasonally in the '''late Summer and Autumn''' in endemic countries.
+
+==Clinical Signs==
+VS is characterised by its appearance – beginning as '''blanched macules''' and developing into '''vesicular lesions''' on the '''tongue, oral and nasal mucosa, mammary glands, external genitalia and coronary band'''. When the vesicles rupture after 24-48h, '''erosions and excoriations''' remain in the affected mucosa.
+'''Hypersalivation''' often also occurs.
+Coronary band lesions cause '''lameness and defective horn growth'''.
+
+Other clinical manifestations include '''depression, weight loss, low productivity, agalactia and mastitis.''' Animals with genital lesions may be reluctant to breed.
+
+Affected animals are often '''pyrexic, anorexic and dysphagic''' due to reduced food intake and interference of lesions with prehension/pain when eating.
+
+Shedding ceases 6-7 days post-infection <ref> Katz, J. B., Eernisse, K. A., Landgraf, J. G., Schmitt, B. J. (1997) '''Comparative performance of four serodiagnostic procedures for detecting bovine and equine vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies.''' J Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 9(3):329-331; 5</ref> and '''lesions resolve within 14 days.'''
+
+Once '''recovered''', animals do not maintain infection or shed the virus.
+
+Deaths from VS are rare and usually due to secondary complications.
+
+==Diagnosis==
+Definitive diagnosis requires laboratory testing.
+'''Virus isolation''' can be attempted from nasal/oral swabs, epithelial tags, skin scrapings or biopsies. Only active lesions will contain infective virus particles.
+PCR is potentially more sensitive but not widely used.
+
+Serlogical tests are routinely used and will also differentiate serotype.
+'''Competitive [[ELISA testing | ELISA (cELISA)]]''' is used as a screening test and '''Serum Neutralisation (SN) and Complement Fixation (CF)''' are also commonly used to diagnose VS.
+Tests that detect IgG such as the cELISA and SN may remain positive for up to 3 years after infection.
+
+CF is more indicative of '''recent infection''', especially when rising titres are present.
+
+On '''histopathology''', intercellular oedema is present in the Malphigian cell layer and epithelial cell necrosis is evident. The necrotic cells are strongly eosinophilic and nuclei are pyknotic.
+Basal cells are separated by vesicular fluid.
+Other non-specific inflammatory changes are usually also present.
+
+==Treatment==
+Disease is '''self-limiting''' and usually requires no treatment.
+Secondary bacterial infection can delay healing of lesions and usually respond to antibiotics.
+Symptomatic care may be indicated in severe cases.
+
+==Control==
+Several vaccines are being developed or used experimentally but none are commercially available in the USA.
+
+Appropriate biosecurity, disinfection protocols, temporary isolation of infected animals/groups and limiting exposure to insect vectors may help to reduce the scale of outbreaks.
+
+'''Quarantine''' procedures are in place in many countries when VS is confirmed and these should be adhered to and relevant bodies informed.
+
+==References==
+<references/>
+Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
+
+Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis virus datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
+
+[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
+
+
[[Category:To Do - Steph]]
[[Category:To Do - Steph]]