Changes

Also known as: ''''' Torovirus '''''—'''''Torovirus infections '''''— ''''' Berne virus'''''—''''' BEV '''''— '''''Breda virus'''''—''''' BRV'''''—''''' Bovine torovirus'''''—''''' BoTV'''''—''''' diarrhea in calves'''''—''''' Equine torovirus'''''—'''''ETV'''''—'''''Prototype Berne virus'''''—''''' Porcine torovirus'''''.

Also known as: '''''Torovirus Infections — Berne Virus — BEV — Breda virus — BRV — Bovine Torovirus — BoTV — Equine Torovirus — ETV — Prototype Berne Virus — Porcine Torovirus'''''.

 

 

{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              =''Scientific Classification''

|name              = Toroviruses

|kingdom            = Virus

|kingdom            = Virus

|sub-order          =

|sub-order          =

|super-family      =

|super-family      =

|family            = Coronaviridae

|family            = [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]]

|sub-family        =

|sub-family        =

|genus              = Torovirus

|genus              = Torovirus

|species            = Toroviruses

|species            = Toroviruses

}}

}}

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]]

[[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]]

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Host include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.  

Hosts include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.  

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle.  In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.

The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle.  In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.

In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.

In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictitating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.

Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998). '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>.

Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998) '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>.

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or  interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and spread through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994). '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>.

Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or  interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that they are spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994) '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>.

The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the cattles absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the rotavirus.

 

The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the animal's absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the [[Rotaviruses|rotavirus]].

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), haemagglutination inhibition or ELISA. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''[Ciba Foundation Symposium 128]''; 23 ref.</ref>.

Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), [[Agglutination|haemagglutination]] inhibition or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''Ciba Foundation Symposium 128''; 23 ref.</ref>.

Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.

Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea.  Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity recommended.

There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea.  Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity is recommended.

==Control==

==Control==

}}

}}

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

 

[[Category:Horse Viruses]]

[[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]