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Also know as: '''''Cattle plague''''' - RV
Also know as: '''''Cattle Plague — RV'''''
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<big><b>Rinderpest has now been eradicated</b></big><br>
<big><b>Rinderpest has now been eradicated</b></big><br>
It was caused by a '''[[Category:Morbilliviruses|morbillivirus]]''', a member of a group of enveloped viruses forming a separate genus within the family [[Category:Paramyxoviridae|Paramyxoviridae]]. Other viruses in this genus include [[Peste des Petits Ruminants|peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)]] infecting sheep and goats, [[Canine Distemper Virus|canine distemper virus (CDV)] and human measles virus (MV), and other members in marine mammals.
It was caused by a '''[[Category:Morbilliviruses|morbillivirus]]''', a member of a group of enveloped viruses forming a separate genus within the family [[Category:Paramyxoviridae|Paramyxoviridae]]. Other viruses in this genus include [[Peste des Petits Ruminants|peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)]] infecting sheep and goats, [[Canine Distemper Virus|canine distemper virus (CDV)] and human measles virus (MV), and other members in marine mammals.
In terms of economic losses in domestic animals, Rinderpest was the most important member of the group. It was '''eradicated from the UK in 1877''', but continued to be endemic in Africa and Asia until very recently. It was present in Sudan and Somalia until the 1994 [http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/grep/home.html '''Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP)] succeeded in its goal in 2011.'''
In terms of economic losses in domestic animals, Rinderpest was the most important member of the group. It was '''eradicated from the UK in 1877''', but continued to be endemic in Africa and Asia until very recently. It was present in Sudan and Somalia until the 1994. [http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/grep/home.html '''Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP)] succeeded in its goal in 2011.'''
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Transmission by infected aerosols probably only occurred under ideal conditions of close proximity and gentle air currents, i.e. amongst housed animals.
Transmission by infected aerosols probably only occurred under ideal conditions of close proximity and gentle air currents, i.e. amongst housed animals.
Wildlife also played an important role in rinderpes, particularly in Africa due to its greater population sizes and densities and larger number of susceptible species. However, wildlife could not maintain the virus alone and disease in wild species disappeared when it was eradicated from domestic cattle.
Wildlife also played an important role in rinderpes, particularly in Africa due to its greater population sizes and densities and larger number of susceptible species. However, wildlife could not maintain the virus alone and disease in wild species disappeared when it was eradicated from domestic cattle.
Vectors and intermediate hosts are not involved in the transmission of rinderpest.
Vectors and intermediate hosts were not involved in the transmission of rinderpest.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
'''Cattle and buffallo''' showed the most severe clinical signs of Rinderpest Virus.
'''Cattle and buffallo''' showed the most severe clinical signs of Rinderpest Virus.
Sheep, goats and Asiatic pigs are also susceptible and may develop clinical disease.
Sheep, goats and Asiatic pigs were also susceptible and may develop clinical disease.
There was also variation in susceptibility to clinical disease between breeds, especially cattle. Most European cattle breeds '''(''Bos taurus'') are more susceptible than ''Bos indicus'' breeds'''. African humpless cattle, such as the Ankole in East Africa, are notoriously susceptible in comparison to East African zebus. European breeds of pig undergo subclinical infection. Infection of wild ruminants varied massively.
There was also variation in susceptibility to clinical disease between breeds, especially cattle. Most European cattle breeds '''(''Bos taurus'') were more susceptible than ''Bos indicus'' breeds'''. African humpless cattle, such as the Ankole in East Africa, were notoriously susceptible in comparison to East African zebus. European breeds of pig underwent subclinical infection. Infection of wild ruminants varied massively.
In highly susceptible populations, rinderpest behaved in '''epidemic fashion''' with the virus infecting virtually all susceptible individuals and causing severe clinical disease in most age groups.
In highly susceptible populations, rinderpest behaved in '''epidemic fashion''' with the virus infecting virtually all susceptible individuals and causing severe clinical disease in most age groups.
The animal would at first become '''pyrexic, dull and depressed'''. Oral lesions included '''ulcers, vesicles and erosions on the tongue and oral mucosa''', causing ptyalism, smacking of the lips and bruxism due to pain.
The animal would at first become '''pyrexic, dull and depressed'''. Oral lesions included '''ulcers, vesicles and erosions on the tongue and oral mucosa''', causing ptyalism, smacking of the lips and bruxism due to pain.
There was also very commonly '''diarrhoea +/- blood and mucous.'''
There was also very commonly '''diarrhoea +/- blood and mucous.''' Diarrhoea and breath would usually have a '''foul odour'''. Generally the animal would be weak, lethargic and be reluctant to eat. There may have been signs of weight loss or reduced weight gain and if in milk, the yield would be severely reduced.
Diarrhoea and breath would usually have a '''foul odour'''. Generally the animal would be weak, lethargic and have a reluctance to eat. There may have been signs of weight loss or reduced weight gain and if in milk, the yield would be severely reduced.
There may have been '''ocular signs''' such as excess lacrimation, blepharospasm and reddened conjunctiva.
There may have been '''ocular signs''' such as excess lacrimation, blepharospasm and reddened conjunctiva.
History, clinical signs and signalment/region etc were suggestive of the disease. A presumptive diagnosis of Rinderpest could be therefore made on the basis of the clinical signs and gross pathology and measures be taken immediately. However, in countries where the disease was not prevalent, and especially in regions dependent on livestock exports, it was essential to obtain laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis as soon as possible.
History, clinical signs and signalment/region etc were suggestive of the disease. A presumptive diagnosis of Rinderpest could be therefore made on the basis of the clinical signs and gross pathology and measures be taken immediately. However, in countries where the disease was not prevalent, and especially in regions dependent on livestock exports, it was essential to obtain laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis as soon as possible.
The most commonly used assay was the '''agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)''' which was simple, easy to read, and highly specific. '''Counter-immunoelectrophoresis was quicker and more sensitive''' than AGID but required more sophisticated equipment. '''Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining''' were very sensitive but also need more equipment than AGID. A range of '''[[ELISA testing|ELISAs]]''' were also developed.
The most commonly used assay was the [[Immunodiffusion|'''agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)]]''' which was simple, easy to read, and highly specific. '''Counter-immunoelectrophoresis was quicker and more sensitive''' than AGID but required more sophisticated equipment. '''[[Immunofluorescence]] and immunoperoxidase staining''' were very sensitive but also need more equipment than AGID. A range of '''[[ELISA testing|ELISAs]]''' were also developed.
The '''virus''' could also be identified by inoculating sample materials into tubes containing antiserum to RV or by using '''[[Immunofluorescence|immunofluorescent]]''' or immunoperoxidase techniques.
The '''virus''' could also be identified by inoculating sample materials into tubes containing antiserum to RV or by using '''[[Immunofluorescence|immunofluorescent]]''' or immunoperoxidase techniques.
Later on, '''PCR''' offered the advantage of providing amplified viral RNA for nucleotide sequencing in order to establish the virus sub-type or lineage for epidemiological purposes.
Later on, '''PCR''' offered the advantage of providing amplified viral RNA for nucleotide sequencing in order to establish the virus sub-type or lineage for epidemiological purposes.
The differentiation of [[Peste des Petits Ruminants]] from rinderpest was more difficult. The virus cross-reacts serologically with RV but monoclonal antibodies and nucleic-acid techniques that clearly distinguish between PPR virus and RV are now available.
The differentiation of [[Peste des Petits Ruminants]] from rinderpest was more difficult. The virus cross-reacted serologically with RV but monoclonal antibodies and nucleic-acid techniques that clearly distinguish between PPR virus and RV are now available.
== Pathology ==
== Pathology ==
A proportion of infected cattle showed '''slight lymphocytosis''' before the onset of pyrexia. This was followed by '''marked lymphopaenia''', caused by lymphoid necrosis. During convalescence, lymphocyte levels slowly returned to normal over a period of days to weeks. Eosinophils may also have disappeared from the blood during the early stages of clinical disease, returning to normal levels some 2 to 3 weeks later. In severe cases the excessive loss of water caused haemoconcentration.
A proportion of infected cattle showed '''slight [[lymphocytosis]]''' before the onset of pyrexia. This was followed by '''marked [[lymphopaenia]]''', caused by lymphoid necrosis. During convalescence, lymphocyte levels slowly returned to normal over a period of days to weeks. [[Eosinophils]] may also have disappeared from the blood during the early stages of clinical disease, returning to normal levels some 2 to 3 weeks later. In severe cases the excessive loss of water caused haemoconcentration.
Serum '''aspartate transaminase and blood urea nitrogen levels increased''' during severe cases of disease. Serum chloride levels fell markedly in terminal illness. Blood clotting may have been impaired in severely affected animals and serum protein levels lowered.
Serum '''aspartate transaminase and blood urea nitrogen levels increased''' during severe cases of disease. Serum chloride levels fell markedly in terminal illness. Blood clotting may have been impaired in severely affected animals and serum protein levels lowered.
The overall appearance at necropsy was similar for most species that died of typical severe rinderpest. The carcass was '''dehydrated, emaciated, and usually soiled''' with fluid faeces. The '''eyes were sunken''' and often encrusted with mucopurulent discharge and the cheeks may have shown signs of '''epiphora'''. Erosions were most common on the gums, lips, buccal papillae, dorsal and ventral aspects of the tongue and the soft palate.
The overall appearance at necropsy was similar for most species that died of typical severe rinderpest. The carcass was '''dehydrated, emaciated, and usually soiled''' with fluid faeces. The '''eyes were sunken''' and often encrusted with mucopurulent discharge and the cheeks may have shown signs of '''epiphora'''. Erosions were most common on the gums, lips, buccal papillae, dorsal and ventral aspects of the tongue and the soft palate.
The folds of the '''abomasum''' were congested and oedematous and often showed necrosis and erosions along the edges. The fundus of the abomasum may have had small discrete erosions that increased in size towards the pylorus where whole areas of mucosa may have become desquamated. The early necrotic lesions were '''pale-greyish''', whereas the erosions were often '''red''' due to congestion. Small intestine usually showed less involvement.
The folds of the '''abomasum''' were congested and oedematous and often showed necrosis and erosions along the edges. The fundus of the abomasum may have had small discrete erosions that increased in size towards the pylorus where whole areas of mucosa may have become desquamated. The early necrotic lesions were '''pale-greyish''', whereas the erosions were often '''red''' due to congestion. Small intestine usually showed less involvement.
The '''Peyer's patches''', being lymphoid tissue, were severely affected and swollen, '''dark red to almost black''' as a result of haemorrhage and may have sloughed completely leaving '''deep ulcer-like''' areas. In the large intestine, marked oedema and congestion accompanied by petechiae or larger haemorrhages, particularly along the crests of the longitudinal folds could be very striking, meriting the description '''zebra striping'''.
The '''Peyer's patches''', being lymphoid tissue, were severely affected and swollen, '''dark red to almost black''' as a result of haemorrhage and may have sloughed completely leaving '''deep ulcer-like''' areas. In the large intestine, marked oedema and congestion accompanied by petechiae or larger haemorrhages, particularly along the crests of the longitudinal folds could be very striking, meriting the description '''zebra striping'''.
Skin lesions were seen rarely and consisted of '''exudative dermatitis''' which would develop from macular to pustular lesions.
Skin lesions were seen rarely and consisted of '''exudative dermatitis''' which would develop from macular to pustular lesions.
Although RV had a predilection for lymphoid tissues, there were usually few visible changes to the superficial and visceral lymph nodes. These may have showen congestion, oedema, and a few petechiae. The nodes of animals that died after a prolonged clinical course may have bene shrunken and showed greyish radial streaks in the cortex, presumably due to haemorrhage. The spleen and haemolymph nodes appeared normal or slightly enlarged.
Although RV had a predilection for lymphoid tissues, there were usually few visible changes to the superficial and visceral lymph nodes. These may have shown congestion, oedema, and a few petechiae. The nodes of animals that died after a prolonged clinical course may have bene shrunken and showed greyish radial streaks in the cortex, presumably due to haemorrhage. The spleen and haemolymph nodes appeared normal or slightly enlarged.
The essential histopathology of rinderpest was widespread necrosis of lymphocytes throughout the lymphoid tissues, together with '''syncytia and intracytoplasmic and (less frequently) intranuclear inclusion bodies'''. Lytic destruction of lymphoid tissues, especially germinal centres, sometimes accompanied an increase in the numbers of macrophages. Lesions in the squamous epithelium of the digestive tract became necrotic and sloughed off, leaving clearly demarcated erosions.
The essential histopathology of rinderpest was widespread necrosis of lymphocytes throughout the lymphoid tissues, together with '''syncytia and intracytoplasmic and (less frequently) intranuclear inclusion bodies'''. Lytic destruction of lymphoid tissues, especially germinal centres, sometimes accompanied an increase in the numbers of [[macrophages]]. Lesions in the squamous epithelium of the digestive tract became necrotic and sloughed off, leaving clearly demarcated erosions.
== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==
== References ==
== References ==
OIE Handistatus, 2004. World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II (data set for 2003). Paris, France: Office International des Epizooties.
OIE Handistatus, (2004) '''World Animal Health Publication and Handistatus II''' (data set for 2003). Paris, France: ''Office International des Epizooties''.
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OIE, 2009. World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4. World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: World Organisation for Animal Health. [http://www.oie.int OIE]
OIE, (2009) '''World Animal Health Information Database - Version: 1.4.''' World Animal Health Information Database. Paris, France: '''World Organisation for Animal Health.''' [http://www.oie.int OIE]
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[[Category:Morbilliviruses]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Sheep Viruses]][[Category:Pig Viruses]][[Category:Goat Viruses]]
[[Category:Morbilliviruses]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Sheep Viruses]][[Category:Pig Viruses]][[Category:Goat Viruses]]
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:CABI Extert Review]]