Changes

Identification methods include a '''culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides'''<ref name="Shewan et al., 1954">Shewan, J., Hodgkiss, W., Liston, J., (1954)  '''A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli.''' ''Nature'', 173:208-209.</ref>, <ref name="Larsen, 1983">Larsen, J.L., (1983)  '''Vibrio anguillarum: a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 24(4):456-476.</ref>, <ref name="Tassin et al., 1983">Tassin, M.G., Siebling, R.J., Roberts, N.C., Larson, A.D., (1983)  '''Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H antiserum.''' ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 18:400-407.</ref>, <ref name="Rehnstam et al., 1989">Rehnstam, A.S., Norqvist, A., Wolf-Watz, H., Hagström, Å., (1989)  '''Identification of Vibrio anguillarum in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 55(8):1907-1910.</ref>, <ref name="Alsina et al., 1994">Alsina, M., Picado-Martinez, J., Jofre, J., Blanch, A.R., (1994)  '''A medium for presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60:1681-1683.</ref>, <ref name="Martinez-Picado et al., 1994">Martínez-Picado, J., Blanch, A.R., Jofre, J., (1994)  '''Rapid detection and identification of Vibrio anguillarum by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60(2):732-737.</ref>. '''''Vibrio'' species''' can be '''identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)'''.

Identification methods include a '''culture medium for presumptive identification, a sensitivity assay to filter discs impregnated with a saturated solution of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylteridine), nitrate reduction, presence of oxidase, catalase and arginine decarboxylase, reaction with monoclonal antibodies and antiflagellar antiserum, and hybridization with specific 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) oligonucleotides'''<ref name="Shewan et al., 1954">Shewan, J., Hodgkiss, W., Liston, J., (1954)  '''A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli.''' ''Nature'', 173:208-209.</ref>, <ref name="Larsen, 1983">Larsen, J.L., (1983)  '''Vibrio anguillarum: a comparative study of fish pathogenic, environmental, and reference strains.''' ''Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica'', 24(4):456-476.</ref>, <ref name="Tassin et al., 1983">Tassin, M.G., Siebling, R.J., Roberts, N.C., Larson, A.D., (1983)  '''Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H antiserum.''' ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'', 18:400-407.</ref>, <ref name="Rehnstam et al., 1989">Rehnstam, A.S., Norqvist, A., Wolf-Watz, H., Hagström, Å., (1989)  '''Identification of Vibrio anguillarum in fish by using partial 16S RNA sequences and a specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 55(8):1907-1910.</ref>, <ref name="Alsina et al., 1994">Alsina, M., Picado-Martinez, J., Jofre, J., Blanch, A.R., (1994)  '''A medium for presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60:1681-1683.</ref>, <ref name="Martinez-Picado et al., 1994">Martínez-Picado, J., Blanch, A.R., Jofre, J., (1994)  '''Rapid detection and identification of Vibrio anguillarum by using a specific oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16S rRNA.''' ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 60(2):732-737.</ref>. '''''Vibrio'' species''' can be '''identified using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)'''.

''V.vulnificus'' can be identified using an ELISA for the haemolysin and PCR.

'''Diagnosis for other Vibrio species''' vary's.  ''V.vulnificus'' can be identified using an ELISA for the haemolysin and PCR. Pathology for ''V.ordalii'' tends to be more localised to the muscle and areas of the salmonid skin, but can also be found in loose connective tissue of the gills, throughout the GI tract and in the pyloric caeca.  

 

''V.salmonicida'' also known as ''haemorrhagic syndrome'', haemorrhages are are found in the integument surrounding the internal organs and the fish are anaemic and fry show splenamegaly, cataracts and cranial haemorrhage. ''V.damsela'' pathology shows ulcerations from 0.5-2cm in diameter and are characterised by muscle lysis and histiocytes within the dermis and skeletal muscle of ''Chromis punctipinnis''<ref name="Love et al., 1981">Love, M., Teebken-Fisher, D., Hose, J.E., Farmer, J.J., Hickman, F.W., Fanning, G.R., (1981)  '''Vibrio damsela, a marine bacterium, causes skin ulcers on the damselfish Chromis punctipinnis.''' ''Science'', USA, 214(4525):1139-1140.</ref>.

''V.ordalii'' tends to be more localised to muscle and areas of the skin, possibly indicating transmission of the disease through salmonid integument, although it can also be found in loose connective tissue of the gills , throughout the GI tract and in the pyloric caeca.

''V.salmonicida'' also known as ''haemorrhagic syndrome'' due to haemorrhages found in the integument surrounding the internal organs of the fish.  Fish are anaemic and fry show splenamegaly, cataracts and cranial haemorrhage.  

 

''V.damsela'' show ulcerations from 0.5-2cm in diameter and are characterised by muscle lysis and histiocytes within the dermis and skeletal muscle of ''Chromis punctipinnis''<ref name="Love et al., 1981">Love, M., Teebken-Fisher, D., Hose, J.E., Farmer, J.J., Hickman, F.W., Fanning, G.R., (1981)  '''Vibrio damsela, a marine bacterium, causes skin ulcers on the damselfish Chromis punctipinnis.''' ''Science'', USA, 214(4525):1139-1140.</ref>.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==