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==Intestinal Adenocarcinoma==
==Intestinal Adenocarcinoma==
[[Intestinal Adenocarcinoma|Intestinal adenocarcinomas]] are a reasonably common malignant neoplasm of dogs and cats arising from the epithelial lining of the gastrointesinal tract. As yet, no causative organism or chemical agent has been identified for intestinal adenocarcinomas, but experiments have suggested that nitrosamines may have a role. Intestinal adenocarcinomas can be nodular or annular in appearance. By the time of diagnosis, they have often metastasised via the lymphatic and vascular routes, most commonly to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Other sites of metastasis include the liver, kidneys, peritoneal cavity, omentum and lungs. Intestinal adenocarcinomas display aggressive local growth and invasion, and tumours frequently recur after resection.
[[Intestinal Adenocarcinoma|Intestinal adenocarcinomas]] are a reasonably common malignant neoplasm of dogs and cats arising from the epithelial lining of the gastrointesinal tract. As yet, no causative organism or chemical agent has been identified for intestinal adenocarcinomas, but experiments have suggested that nitrosamines may have a role. Intestinal adenocarcinomas can be nodular or annular in appearance. By the time of diagnosis, they have often metastasised via the lymphatic and vascular routes, most commonly to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Other sites of metastasis include the liver, kidneys, peritoneal cavity, omentum and lungs. Intestinal adenocarcinomas display aggressive local growth and invasion, and tumours frequently recur after resection.
==Perianal gland adenocarcinoma==
These tumours are far '''less common'''ly diagnosed than [[Adenoma#Hepatoid Gland Tumours (Perianal Adenomas)|perianal adenomas]]. '''Large breed male dogs''' are overrepresented, but they do also occur in spayed female dogs.
A '''hormonal dependence has not been shown'''.
===Clinical features===
Tumours are usually single, ulcerated and invasive. They tend to grow rapidly, and to a larger size than the benign version.
30% of adenocarcinomas '''metastasize''' to the sublumbar lymph nodes, liver and lungs.
===Diagnosis===
'''Cytology''' will reveal large hepatoid cells with a large nucleus, prominent nucleoli and a large cytoplasm. It will not distinguish between adenomas and adenocarcinomas.
Further investigation should be carried out if malignancy is suspected, including: '''thoracic and abdominal radiography''', '''abdominal ultrasound''', and '''cytology or biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes'''.
===Treatment===
Adenocarcinomas do not regress following castration. Small tumours can be treated by '''wide surgical excision, with or without cryosurgery'''.
For large masses, '''surgical debulking followed by radiotherapy''' may be useful.
Dogs with metastasis have a poor prognosis, but may be treated by surgical excision and '''intravenous doxorubicin''' for a slightly prolonged survival time.
==Adenocarcinomas of the Glands of the Anal Sac (Apocrine Glands)==
==Adenocarcinomas of the Glands of the Anal Sac (Apocrine Glands)==
*Often mucin filled acini
*Often mucin filled acini
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
[[Category:Stomach and Abomasum - Proliferative Pathology]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Stomach and Abomasum - Proliferative Pathology]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cat]]