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| − | {{Taxobox
| + | #redirect[[Infectious Laryngotracheitis]] |
| − | |name = Gallid Herpesvirus 1
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| − | |kingdom =
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| − | |sub-kingdom =
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| − | |phylum =
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| − | |super-class =
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| − | |class = DNA Viruses
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| − | |sub-class =
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| − | |super-order =
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| − | |order = Caudovirales
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| − | |sub-order =
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| − | |super-family =
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| − | |family = [[Herpesviridae]]
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| − | |sub-family = Alphaherpesvirinae
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| − | |genus = Infectious Laryngotracheitis-like Viruses
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| − | |species = GHV-1
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| − | }}
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| − | Also Known As: '''''Infectious Laryngotracheitis''''' — '''''ILT''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis''''' — '''''AILT''''' — '''''Laryngotracheitis Virus''''' — '''''LTV'''''
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| − | Caused By: '''''Gallid Herpesvirus I''''' also known as: '''''GHV-1 — Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus — ILTV — LTV'''''
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| | | | |
| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | Gallid Herpes virus causes '''respiratory disease''' in '''chickens''' and pheasants.
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| − |
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| − | Disease varies from mild to peracute, with mortality in peracute outbreaks exceeding 50%.
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| − |
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| − | As with all herpesviruses, GHV-1 can remain '''latent''' in carriers after infection and then be shed intermittently, '''recrudescing with stress'''.
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| − |
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | The chicken is the primary host and reservoir host. A form of LT has been described in pheasants.
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| − |
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Worldwide. Transmission is via '''direct contact''' and contaminated people and equipment. Vermin and wild birds and dogs may aid mechanical transmission.
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| − |
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Respiratory signs:
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| − | :'''Nasal discharge''' which is often '''bloody'''
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| − | :'''Coughing''' which may also include blood
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| − | :'''Sneezing''', dyspnoea, '''gasping''', upper respiratory tract pain
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| − | :Abnormal lung sounds
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| − |
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| − | Decreased egg production, thin egg shells, lack of growth
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| − |
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| − | Neurological and ophthalmologic signs may develop.
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| − |
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| − | Death may occur rapidly and with '''high mortality''' in peracute and acute disease. In recent times, LT usually presents in a mild form and most birds recover.
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| − |
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | On '''post-mortem, haemorrhagic tracheitis''' and bloodstained mucus are evident. Pneumonia and sacculitis may also be seen. '''Caseous diptheritic membranes''' may be present on the mucosae of the upper respiratory tract.
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| − |
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| − | Histopathology reveals loss of cilia, mucosal gland atrophy, intranuclear inclusion bodies and epithelial cell sloughing. Characteristic syncytia develop. A fibrinonecrotic membrane may be present in more chronic disease cases.
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| − |
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| − | '''Antigen [[ELISA testing |ELISA]]''' is both straightforward, quick and sensitive. The PCR can be used to detect LTV.
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| − |
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| − | [[Immunofluorescence|Immunofluorescent]] or Immunoperoxidase staining can also be performed and is more rapid but less sensitive.
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| − |
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| − | Virus isolation on a variety of tissues including tracheal swabs or tissue samples may be useful.
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| − |
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| − | Agar Gel [[Immunodiffusion]] can detect virus in tracheal samples.
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| − |
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| − | Electron microscopy can be used to demonstrate viral particles in tracheal scrapings or exudates but is insensitive.
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| − |
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| − | Measuring viral antibody measures infection indirectly as serum antibodies peak around 2 weeks after infection and wane slowly afterwards.
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| − |
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Where early diagnosis is made, [[Vaccines|'''vaccination''']] can be administered '''in the face of infection''' to help reduce further morbidity and mortality.
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| − |
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | ILT can be effectively controlled by '''vaccination'''. Vaccinated and unvaccinated birds should '''not be mixed''' due to the '''possibility of reversion to virulence'''. Most are modified live isolates and are administered by '''eye drop'''.
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| − |
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| − | Adequate biosecurity, quarantine and disinfection is also essential.
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| − |
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| − | Wild birds and vermin should be prevented from accessing poultry and their food/water sources.
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| − |
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Flashcards]]
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| − | }}
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=82014&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 gallid herpesvirus 1] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=79280 infectious laryngotracheitis]
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| − | |date =5 June 2011
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| − | }}
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − |
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
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| | [[Category:Herpesviridae]] | | [[Category:Herpesviridae]] |
| | [[Category:Avian Viruses]] | | [[Category:Avian Viruses]] |
| − | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
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