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→Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
===Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)===
===Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)===
*Hosts: dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
*Variable mortality depending on virulence
*May occur subclinically
*Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
*Canine Distemper virus in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and [[Viral infections#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]] ?Paramyxovirinae, morbillivirus, also in [[Pancreas - inflammatory#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
*Canine Distemper virus in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and [[Viral infections#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]] ?Paramyxovirinae, morbillivirus, also in [[Pancreas - inflammatory#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
**May cause [[Bones - developmental#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
**May cause [[Bones - developmental#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
*'''Pathogenesis''':
**Aerosol infection
**Infects alveolar macrophages or oropharynx
**Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
**Viraemia
**Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
***Respiratory and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
*'''Clinical signs''':
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Keratitis
**[[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
**Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea
**Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad)
**Demyelination -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death
**Encephalitis
**Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia
**Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
{Canine distemper - a pantropic virus which has a suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue,
{Canine distemper - a pantropic virus which has a suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue,
and which may trigger latent Toxoplasmosis. After aerosol infection, the virus multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes. It then spreads to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus including that of the respiratory and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain, causing a mucopurulent oculonasal discharge with keratitis and an interstitial pneumonia, a smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea, eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads, and encephalitis respectively. The essential feature of the last mentioned is demyelination particularly in the cerebellum resulting in ataxia. Convulsions, coma and paralysis may occur, and chorea (rhythmic motor movements) may be seen in recovered animals. Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
and which may trigger latent Toxoplasmosis.
The essential feature of the last mentioned is demyelination particularly in the cerebellum resulting in ataxia. Convulsions, coma and paralysis may occur, and chorea (rhythmic motor movements) may be seen in recovered animals.
Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
and inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages.
and inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages.
giant cells may be seen in the alveoli.
The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes.
Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with ''Bordetella bronchiseptica''.} <small>From RVC respiratory notes 2006 by B.Smyth</small>