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Reptile Cardiovascular Disease (view source)
Revision as of 11:11, 28 September 2011
, 11:11, 28 September 2011Created page with "==Introduction== Cardiac disease is '''not a common finding''' in captive reptiles. When cases are presented, it is important to characterise whether the cardiac disease is th..."
==Introduction==
Cardiac disease is '''not a common finding''' in captive reptiles.
When cases are presented, it is important to characterise whether the cardiac disease is the primary cause of the illness or the
secondary result of other systemic illness. It seems that the majority of the cases presented are secondary to systemic illness.
'''Primary disease''' may involve '''right AV valve insufficiency''', which has been reported in one carpet python, resulting in congestive heart failure.
Due to the lack of septation in squamata and chelonia, elevated diastolic pressures could be shared across all ventricular compartments, resulting in bilateral heart failure.
'''Murmurs''' can occasionally be ausculted. '''Tachycardia''' has been observed with cardiac insufficiency, and cardiomegaly may be evident on physical examination.
'''Dilated cardiomyopathy''' has been anecdotally reported in snakes as spontaneous disease as well as following infection.
'''Aortic aneurism''' has been reported in a Burmese python; '''pericardial effusion''' of unknown etiology in a turtle; '''myocardial ''Listeriosis''''' in a bearded dragon; '''myocardial ''salmonellosis''''' in a boa; cardiovascular spirorchid flukes can cause endocarditis, arteritis and thrombosis in green turtles.
The heart of most snakes is located at a point '''one-third to one-fourth of its length''' caudal to the head. In some aquatic species, the heart is located in a more cranial position. The chelonian heart is located on the ventral midline where the humeral, pectoral, and abdominal scutes of the plastron intersect. In most species of lizards, the heart is encased in the pectoral girdle. Varanidsare an exception, as their heart is located more caudally in the coelomic cavity.
==Clinical Signs==
Most of the signs are '''non-specific'''. Reptiles with cardiac disease may appear '''lethargic or depressed'''.
Normally active animals, such as tortoises, may appear exercise intolerant.
Reptiles are obligate nasal breathers, so a history of '''open mouth breathing''' also may be an indication of cardiac disease.
A '''detailed history''' is essential in highlighting these signs as well as any deficiencies in husbandry such as hypothermia or dehydration which may affect cardiac function.
The reptile heart should be assessed as part of a routine physical examination. There may be '''swelling in the area of the heart''', peripheral edema, ascites, cyanosis, anorexia, weight loss, and sudden death.
In snakes, the size of the heart can be roughly estimated.
'''Heart contractions''' can be observed by movements of the ventral scutes.
Reptilian heart sounds are of very low amplitude and cannot be consistently ausculted using a standard stethoscope, so it is unusual to include a cardiac auscultation in the clinical examination.
When performing a physical examination on a reptile, it is important to consider the '''environmental temperature'''. If the reptile’s body temperature is less than optimal, the results of the examination may be misleading. For example, a reptile maintained at a low environmental temperature may appear bradycardic when the condition is actually a result of its response to the environment.
==Diagnosis==
As well as the physical examination, '''haematology and plasma biochemistry''' are important diagnostic tests that provide insight into the working physiology of the patient. Elevations in '''creatine kinase''' activity appear to be highly correlated to
cardiac muscle in the green iguana. Alterations in '''aspartate aminotransferase''' may also occur with damage or injury to the cardiac muscle. Imbalances noted with electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, and minerals should be addressed when developing a treatment plan.
The '''ECG''' can be an invaluable tool for monitoring cardiac function in reptiles. Interpretation of the ECG may be difficult but may highlight some electrical conduction disturbances.
'''Radiography''' is another useful diagnostic test to evaluate heart size in snakes and crocodilians. Comparing radiographs of similar sized species may be useful when evaluating heart size in an abnormal case.
'''Doppler echocardiography''' can provide an accurate, noninvasive ante mortem diagnosis of cardiac disease in reptiles. Snake and lizard hearts can easily be identified using cardiac ultrasound. In snakes, the ultrasound probe should be placed on the ventral surface of the skin overlying the heart. In lizards, the probe can be placed in the axillary region and directed medially because the heart is located within the pectoral girdle. Echocardiography can provide important insight into '''cardiac motion and function''', structural defects, heart valve motion, pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly, and intracardiac masses.
==Treatment==
Therapy of cardiac disease is '''virtually unreported'''.
Various diuretics have been used but the lack of appropriate receptors in the kidney is a potential problem.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 22]]
}}
==References==
Frye, F. (1995) '''Self-assessment colour review of Reptiles and Amphibians''' ''Manson Publishing''
Rishniw, M. (2007) '''Reptile Cardiology''' ''WSAVA Proceedings''
Kik, M. (2005) '''Reptile Cardiology: A Review of Anatomy and Physiology, Diagnostic Approaches, and Clinical Disease''' ''Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Vol 14, No 1: pp 52– 60''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
Cardiac disease is '''not a common finding''' in captive reptiles.
When cases are presented, it is important to characterise whether the cardiac disease is the primary cause of the illness or the
secondary result of other systemic illness. It seems that the majority of the cases presented are secondary to systemic illness.
'''Primary disease''' may involve '''right AV valve insufficiency''', which has been reported in one carpet python, resulting in congestive heart failure.
Due to the lack of septation in squamata and chelonia, elevated diastolic pressures could be shared across all ventricular compartments, resulting in bilateral heart failure.
'''Murmurs''' can occasionally be ausculted. '''Tachycardia''' has been observed with cardiac insufficiency, and cardiomegaly may be evident on physical examination.
'''Dilated cardiomyopathy''' has been anecdotally reported in snakes as spontaneous disease as well as following infection.
'''Aortic aneurism''' has been reported in a Burmese python; '''pericardial effusion''' of unknown etiology in a turtle; '''myocardial ''Listeriosis''''' in a bearded dragon; '''myocardial ''salmonellosis''''' in a boa; cardiovascular spirorchid flukes can cause endocarditis, arteritis and thrombosis in green turtles.
The heart of most snakes is located at a point '''one-third to one-fourth of its length''' caudal to the head. In some aquatic species, the heart is located in a more cranial position. The chelonian heart is located on the ventral midline where the humeral, pectoral, and abdominal scutes of the plastron intersect. In most species of lizards, the heart is encased in the pectoral girdle. Varanidsare an exception, as their heart is located more caudally in the coelomic cavity.
==Clinical Signs==
Most of the signs are '''non-specific'''. Reptiles with cardiac disease may appear '''lethargic or depressed'''.
Normally active animals, such as tortoises, may appear exercise intolerant.
Reptiles are obligate nasal breathers, so a history of '''open mouth breathing''' also may be an indication of cardiac disease.
A '''detailed history''' is essential in highlighting these signs as well as any deficiencies in husbandry such as hypothermia or dehydration which may affect cardiac function.
The reptile heart should be assessed as part of a routine physical examination. There may be '''swelling in the area of the heart''', peripheral edema, ascites, cyanosis, anorexia, weight loss, and sudden death.
In snakes, the size of the heart can be roughly estimated.
'''Heart contractions''' can be observed by movements of the ventral scutes.
Reptilian heart sounds are of very low amplitude and cannot be consistently ausculted using a standard stethoscope, so it is unusual to include a cardiac auscultation in the clinical examination.
When performing a physical examination on a reptile, it is important to consider the '''environmental temperature'''. If the reptile’s body temperature is less than optimal, the results of the examination may be misleading. For example, a reptile maintained at a low environmental temperature may appear bradycardic when the condition is actually a result of its response to the environment.
==Diagnosis==
As well as the physical examination, '''haematology and plasma biochemistry''' are important diagnostic tests that provide insight into the working physiology of the patient. Elevations in '''creatine kinase''' activity appear to be highly correlated to
cardiac muscle in the green iguana. Alterations in '''aspartate aminotransferase''' may also occur with damage or injury to the cardiac muscle. Imbalances noted with electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, and minerals should be addressed when developing a treatment plan.
The '''ECG''' can be an invaluable tool for monitoring cardiac function in reptiles. Interpretation of the ECG may be difficult but may highlight some electrical conduction disturbances.
'''Radiography''' is another useful diagnostic test to evaluate heart size in snakes and crocodilians. Comparing radiographs of similar sized species may be useful when evaluating heart size in an abnormal case.
'''Doppler echocardiography''' can provide an accurate, noninvasive ante mortem diagnosis of cardiac disease in reptiles. Snake and lizard hearts can easily be identified using cardiac ultrasound. In snakes, the ultrasound probe should be placed on the ventral surface of the skin overlying the heart. In lizards, the probe can be placed in the axillary region and directed medially because the heart is located within the pectoral girdle. Echocardiography can provide important insight into '''cardiac motion and function''', structural defects, heart valve motion, pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly, and intracardiac masses.
==Treatment==
Therapy of cardiac disease is '''virtually unreported'''.
Various diuretics have been used but the lack of appropriate receptors in the kidney is a potential problem.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 22]]
}}
==References==
Frye, F. (1995) '''Self-assessment colour review of Reptiles and Amphibians''' ''Manson Publishing''
Rishniw, M. (2007) '''Reptile Cardiology''' ''WSAVA Proceedings''
Kik, M. (2005) '''Reptile Cardiology: A Review of Anatomy and Physiology, Diagnostic Approaches, and Clinical Disease''' ''Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Vol 14, No 1: pp 52– 60''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]