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====Biogenic Amines====

===Biogenic Amines===

Biogenic amines are synthesised from only several types of amino acids. Which amino acids are used in their formation depends on their classification.  

Biogenic amines are synthesised from only several types of amino acids. Which amino acids are used in their formation depends on their classification.  

The biogenic amine that is derived from the amino acid '''tryptophane''' is called '''serotonin (5-HT)''' whilst the SMT derived from '''histidine''' is called '''histamine (HA)'''. Serotonergic neurons release serotonin. Whilst these SMTs are primarily of importance in the central nervous system, norepinephrine is predominantly found in the peripheral nervous system.

The biogenic amine that is derived from the amino acid '''tryptophane''' is called '''serotonin (5-HT)''' whilst the SMT derived from '''histidine''' is called '''histamine (HA)'''. Serotonergic neurons release serotonin. Whilst these SMTs are primarily of importance in the central nervous system, norepinephrine is predominantly found in the peripheral nervous system.

'''Epinephrine''' is produced by the adrenal glands. It is primarily involved in an overall activation of the sympathetic nervous system and is involved in the management of stress. '''Norepinephrine''' is also produced by adrenal glands and is involved in the initiation and maintainance of consciousness within the sympathetic nervous system. Both types of neurotransmitter utilise α or β receptors and are metabotropic. If an α₁ adrenergic receptor is bound this will result in depolarisation of the cell and vasoconstriction of the skin and viscera. If a β₁ receptor is bound this will also result in cellular depolarisation and an increase in heart rate and contractility. If a β₂ receptor is bound this will result in hyperpolarisation of the cell which will cause dilation of the bronchioles of the lung.  

'''Epinephrine''' is produced by the adrenal glands. It is primarily involved in an overall activation of the sympathetic nervous system and is involved in the management of stress. '''Norepinephrine''' is also produced by adrenal glands and is involved in the initiation and maintainance of consciousness within the sympathetic nervous system. Both types of neurotransmitter utilise α or β receptors and are metabotropic.  

:If an α₁ adrenergic receptor is bound this will result in depolarisation of the cell and vasoconstriction of the skin and viscera.  

:If a β₁ receptor is bound this will also result in cellular depolarisation and an increase in heart rate and contractility.  

'''Dopamine''' is involved in motivation as well as love and addiction. It is effectively a 'reward system' for the brain. Dopamine also affects the way in which the basal ganglia of the brain affect our movements and a shortage of dopamine can result in diseases such as Parkinson's. Dopamine is the primary neuroendocrine regulator of [[Lactation_-_Endocrine_Control_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''prolactin''']] from the anterior pituitary gland. Dopamine produced by the hypothalamus is secreted via the hypothalamo-hypophysal blood vessels which supply the pituitary gland. Secretion of prolactin via lactotrope cells within the pituitary is inhibited by dopamine.  

:If a β₂ receptor is bound this will result in hyperpolarisation of the cell which will cause dilation of the bronchioles of the lung.  

 

'''Dopamine''' is involved in motivation as well as love and addiction. It is effectively a 'reward system' for the brain. Dopamine also affects the way in which the basal ganglia of the brain affect our movements and a shortage of dopamine can result in diseases such as Parkinson's. Dopamine is the primary neuroendocrine regulator of [[Lactation - Endocrine Control - Anatomy & Physiology|'''prolactin''']] from the anterior [[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|pituitary gland]]. Dopamine produced by the [[hypothalamus]] is secreted via the hypothalamo-hypophysal blood vessels which supply the pituitary gland. Secretion of prolactin via lactotrope cells within the pituitary is inhibited by dopamine.  

'''Serotonin''' is involved in emotions, mood, sexuality, consciousness, sleep and thermoregulation. Serotonin it utilised by the central nervous system and the gastro-intestinal system. Serotonin has also been linked to mechanisms controlling pulmonary and cerebral vascular vasoconstriction.

 

'''Serotonin''' is involved in emotions, mood, sexuality, consciousness, sleep and thermoregulation. Serotonin is utilised by the central nervous system and the gastro-intestinal system. Serotonin has also been linked to mechanisms controlling pulmonary and cerebral vascular vasoconstriction.

 

'''Melatonin''' is responsible for the regulation of onset of sleep and also for seasonal changes in the body such as winter weight gain and mating seasons. '''Histamine''' release results in increased gastric secretions, dilation of capillaries, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and decreased blood pressure.

'''Melatonin''' is responsible for the regulation of onset of sleep and also for seasonal changes in the body such as winter weight gain and mating seasons.  

 

'''Histamine''' release results in increased gastric secretions, dilation of capillaries, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and decreased blood pressure.

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