Changes

[[File:NWLab .jpg|thumb|Echinocytes, a small and large platelet NationWide Laboratories|alt=|left]]

[[File:NWLab .jpg|thumb|Echinocytes, a small and large platelet NationWide Laboratories|alt=]]

The higher the grade, the more marked the degree of regeneration in response to anaemia. Anisocytosis and polychromasia in non-anaemic patients may reflect poor oxygenation of blood due to cardiac or respiratory disease.

The higher the grade, the more marked the degree of regeneration in response to anaemia. Anisocytosis and polychromasia in non-anaemic patients may reflect poor oxygenation of blood due to cardiac or respiratory disease.

[[File:NWL 2016.jpg|thumb|Canine reticulocytes NationWide Laboratories|alt=|left]]<u>'''Reticulocytes'''</u>. Immature red cells, their residual RNA and mitochondria stain with new methylene blue.

[[File:NWL 2016.jpg|thumb|Canine reticulocytes NationWide Laboratories|alt=]]<u>'''Reticulocytes'''</u>. Immature red cells, their residual RNA and mitochondria stain with new methylene blue.

[[File:NW laboratories.jpg|thumb|Feline Reticulocytes NationWide Laboratories ]][[File:NationWide Lab 2016.jpg|thumb|Nucleated red blood cell NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NW laboratories.jpg|thumb|Feline Reticulocytes NationWide Laboratories ]][[File:NationWide Lab 2016.jpg|thumb|Nucleated red blood cell NationWide Laboratories]]

<u>'''Eccentrocytes.'''</u> These are RBCs where, as a result of oxidative injury, the Hb has coalesced, usually at one side of the cell; the remainder of the cell is pale staining.

<u>'''Eccentrocytes.'''</u> These are RBCs where, as a result of oxidative injury, the Hb has coalesced, usually at one side of the cell; the remainder of the cell is pale staining.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 5.jpg|thumb|Heinz Bodies NationWide Laboratories |alt=|left]]   

[[File:NWLLabfacts 5.jpg|thumb|Heinz Bodies NationWide Laboratories |alt=]]   

   

   

<u>'''Heinz bodies'''</u>. Oxidation of sulphydryl groups on the globin chains of haemoglobin results in the formation of Heinz bodies. These are refractile structures which occur along the internal surface of erythrocyte membranes, seen as pale pink-red projections with Romanowsky stains. Normal cats may have up to 5% Heinz bodies in their erythrocytes. Heinz body formation in the absence of anaemia may occur with feline diabetes mellitus, lymphoma and hyperthyroidism. Increased numbers of Heinz bodies, leading to haemolytic anaemia, may be associated with onion or garlic ingestion, kale or other brassica species consumption by ruminants and consumption of red maple leaves by alpacas and horses.  

<u>'''Heinz bodies'''</u>. Oxidation of sulphydryl groups on the globin chains of haemoglobin results in the formation of Heinz bodies. These are refractile structures which occur along the internal surface of erythrocyte membranes, seen as pale pink-red projections with Romanowsky stains. Normal cats may have up to 5% Heinz bodies in their erythrocytes. Heinz body formation in the absence of anaemia may occur with feline diabetes mellitus, lymphoma and hyperthyroidism. Increased numbers of Heinz bodies, leading to haemolytic anaemia, may be associated with onion or garlic ingestion, kale or other brassica species consumption by ruminants and consumption of red maple leaves by alpacas and horses.  

[[File:NWLLabfacts 6.jpg|thumb|Howell-Jolly bodies NationWide Laboratories|alt=|left]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 6.jpg|thumb|Howell-Jolly bodies NationWide Laboratories|alt=]]

<u>'''Howell-Jolly bodies.'''</u> These are remnants of nuclear material . They are present in regenerative anaemias possibly due to inability of macrophages to fully remove the nuclei of maturing RBCs during accelerated production. If present without polychromasia, reduced macrophage function could be considered. They may be a common finding following splenectomy.

<u>'''Howell-Jolly bodies.'''</u> These are remnants of nuclear material . They are present in regenerative anaemias possibly due to inability of macrophages to fully remove the nuclei of maturing RBCs during accelerated production. If present without polychromasia, reduced macrophage function could be considered. They may be a common finding following splenectomy.

 

'''<u>Hypochromasia.</u>''' Pale erythrocytes with a reduced haemoglobin concentration (decreased MCHC). Seen in regenerative anaemia and with iron deficiency.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'''<u>Hypochromasia.</u>''' Pale erythrocytes with a reduced haemoglobin concentration (decreased MCHC). Seen in regenerative anaemia and with iron deficiency.  

[[File:NWLLabfacts 8.jpg|thumb|Red Cell fragmentation NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 8.jpg|thumb|Red Cell fragmentation NationWide Laboratories]]

 

'''<u>Red cell fragmentation.</u>''' Small fragments are called schistocytes (schizocytes), larger red cell fragments include keratocytes (blister and helmet cells). These reflect metabolic disease or, more commonly, intravascular trauma associated with turbulent blood flow due to cardiac valvular disease, with passage through numerous capillaries in haemangiosarcoma and certain other malignant neoplasms, or fibrin strands cleaving erythrocytes in myelofibrosis or DIC. Severe hepatic disease may also result in red cell fragmentation.

 

 

 

'''<u>Red cell fragmentation.</u>''' Small fragments are called schistocytes (schizocytes), larger red cell fragments include keratocytes (blister and helmet cells). These reflect metabolic disease or, more commonly, intravascular trauma associated with turbulent blood flow due to cardiac valvular disease, with passage through numerous capillaries in haemangiosarcoma and certain other malignant neoplasms, or fibrin strands cleaving erythrocytes in myelofibrosis or DIC. Severe hepatic disease may also result in red cell fragmentation.  

[[File:NWLLabfacts 9.jpg|thumb|Rouleaux in an equine blood smear NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 9.jpg|thumb|Rouleaux in an equine blood smear NationWide Laboratories]]

      

      

Rouleaux are prominent in blood smears from normal horses and some cats. Rouleaux are alsoseen in animals with hyperglobulinaemia, particularly h yperfibrinogenaemia and elevated acute phase proteins.

Rouleaux are prominent in blood smears from normal horses and some cats. Rouleaux are alsoseen in animals with hyperglobulinaemia, particularly h yperfibrinogenaemia and elevated acute phase proteins.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 10.jpg|thumb|Target Cells (codocytes) NationWide Laboratories|alt=|left]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 10.jpg|thumb|Target Cells (codocytes) NationWide Laboratories|alt=]]

      

      

'''<u>Target cells (codocytes)</u>'''. These are bell-shaped in-vivo but resemble a target on a blood smear due to accumulation of haemoglobin around the periphery and centre.  

'''<u>Target cells (codocytes)</u>'''. These are bell-shaped in-vivo but resemble a target on a blood smear due to accumulation of haemoglobin around the periphery and centre.  

They may be encountered with regenerative anaemia, renal, hepatic or lipid disorders.

They may be encountered with regenerative anaemia, renal, hepatic or lipid disorders.

=== Inclusions ===

=== Inclusions ===

Hypochromasia (see image)

Mycoplasma haemofelis (see image)

Red Cell fragmentation (see image)[[File:NWLLabfacts 11.jpg|thumb|Mycoplasma haemofelis NationWide Laboratories|alt=|left]]

Babesia canis (see image)[[File:NWLLabfacts 11.jpg|thumb|Mycoplasma haemofelis NationWide Laboratories|alt=]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 12.jpg|thumb|Babesia Canis NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 12.jpg|thumb|Babesia Canis NationWide Laboratories]]

 

=== Leucocyte evaluation ===

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leucocyte evaluation

 

Normal blood should contain mature leucocyte populations which fall within reference limits for the species under consideration. A blood smear should be examined for abnormal cells prior to performing the differential cell count.

Normal blood should contain mature leucocyte populations which fall within reference limits for the species under consideration. A blood smear should be examined for abnormal cells prior to performing the differential cell count.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 13.jpg|thumb|Neutrophil NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 13.jpg|thumb|Neutrophil NationWide Laboratories]]

In females, the nucleus may have a drum-stick shaped appendage known as a Barr body which represents the inactive X chromosome; this is of no clinical significance.

In females, the nucleus may have a drum-stick shaped appendage known as a Barr body which represents the inactive X chromosome; this is of no clinical significance.

 

'''<u>Band neutrophil.</u>''' This is an immature cell with an unsegmented nucleus showing parallel sides.The cytoplasm is similar to that of a mature cell.

 

 

 

 

 

 

'''<u>Band neutrophil.</u>''' This is an immature cell with an unsegmented nucleus showing parallel sides.The cytoplasm is similar to that of a mature cell.  

[[File:NWLLabfacts 16.jpg|thumb|Metamyelocyte NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 16.jpg|thumb|Metamyelocyte NationWide Laboratories]]

Sometimes less differentiated myeloid cells (metamyelocytes and myelocytes) are seen in the blood, usually associated with a severe acute inflammatory response. This is called a left shift.

Sometimes less differentiated myeloid cells (metamyelocytes and myelocytes) are seen in the blood, usually associated with a severe acute inflammatory response. This is called a left shift.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 18.jpg|thumb|Neutrophil with toxic granulation NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 18.jpg|thumb|Neutrophil with toxic granulation NationWide Laboratories]]

There may be toxic granulation due to staining of primary granules.

There may be toxic granulation due to staining of primary granules.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 20.jpg|thumb|Equine eosinophil NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 20.jpg|thumb|Equine eosinophil NationWide Laboratories]]

 

'''<u>Eosinophil.</u>''' Mature eosinophils have a segmented nucleus and red intracytoplasmic granules. The granules in the dog are round and vary in size. In the cat they are small, uniform in size and rod shaped while in the horse the granules are round and very large. In rabbits, eosinophils have larger red granules than neutrophils although often the two cell types are difficult to differentiate and may be counted together as heterophils. Band eosinophils are immature cells showing less distinct nuclear segmentation.

 

 

 

'''<u>Eosinophil.</u>''' Mature eosinophils have a segmented nucleus and red intracytoplasmic granules. The granules in the dog are round and vary in size. In the cat they are small, uniform in size and rod shaped while in the horse the granules are round and very large. In rabbits, eosinophils have larger red granules than neutrophils although often the two cell types are difficult to differentiate and may be counted together as heterophils. Band eosinophils are immature cells showing less distinct nuclear segmentation.  

[[File:NWLLabfacts 21.jpg|thumb|Basophil NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 21.jpg|thumb|Basophil NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 23.jpg|thumb|Small, medium and large Lymphocytes NationWide Labs]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 23.jpg|thumb|Small, medium and large Lymphocytes NationWide Labs]]

 

<u>'''Lymphocyte'''</u>. Mature lymphocytes are small cells with round, occasionally cleft nuclei which are approximately one red cell width in diameter; they have condensed nuclear chromatin and a narrow rim of pale cytoplasm.

 

<u>'''Lymphocyte'''</u>. Mature lymphocytes are small cells with round, occasionally cleft nuclei which are approximately one red cell width in diameter; they have condensed nuclear chromatin and a narrow rim of pale cytoplasm.  

'''<u>Reactive lymphocyte.</u>''' Slightly larger than a mature lymphocyte. Cells have round nuclei with condensed nuclear chromatin, surrounded by a rim of pale basophilic cytoplasm.

'''<u>Reactive lymphocyte.</u>''' Slightly larger than a mature lymphocyte. Cells have round nuclei with condensed nuclear chromatin, surrounded by a rim of pale basophilic cytoplasm.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 24.jpg|thumb|Lymphoblast NationWide Labs]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 24.jpg|thumb|Lymphoblast NationWide Labs]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 25.jpg|thumb|Large granular Lymphocyte NationWide Labs]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 25.jpg|thumb|Large granular Lymphocyte NationWide Labs]]

'''<u>Large granular lymphocyte</u>'''. Lymphocyte containing several prominent magenta coloured cytoplasmic granules. Rarely seen in peripheral blood but are numerous in large granular cell leukaemia in the dog

 

'''<u>Large granular lymphocyte</u>'''. Lymphocyte containing several prominent magenta coloured cytoplasmic granules. Rarely seen in peripheral blood but are numerous in large granular cell leukaemia in the dog  

[[File:NWLLabfacts 26.jpg|thumb|Monocyte NationWide Labs]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 26.jpg|thumb|Monocyte NationWide Labs]]

 

<u>'''Monocyte'''</u>. These are large cells with a deeply indented nucleus showing pale, finely granular nuclear chromatin. They have a moderate amount of blue-grey cytoplasm, which may contain vacuoles.

 

 

 

 

 

<u>'''Monocyte'''</u>. These are large cells with a deeply indented nucleus showing pale, finely granular nuclear chromatin. They have a moderate amount of blue-grey cytoplasm, which may contain vacuoles.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=== Leucocyte Inclusions ===

=== Leucocyte Inclusions ===