Changes

*β cell deficiency - The majority of cases of diabetes mellitus seen in dogs are of this kind. It causes an inability to produce insulin.

*β cell deficiency - The majority of cases of diabetes mellitus seen in dogs are of this kind. It causes an inability to produce insulin.

**Can be caused by congenital defects, pancreatitis and autoimmunity.

**Can be caused by congenital defects, pancreatitis and autoimmunity.

*Insulin antagonism - Seen in females in dioestrus, or in animals with Cushing's (hyperadrenocorticism).  

*Insulin antagonism - Seen in females in dioestrus, or in animals with [[General Pathology - Neoplasia - Cushing's]] (hyperadrenocorticism).  

**Progesterone, growth hormone and cortisol are insulin antagonists.

**[[Endocrine System - Ovaries - Anatomy & Physiology|Progesterone]], [[Endocrine System - Pituitary Growth Hormone - Anatomy & Physiology|growth hormone]] and cortisol are insulin antagonists.

'''Types of diabetes in cats'''

'''Types of diabetes in cats'''

*Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM); insulin deficiency - similar to human diabetes type 1. There is a failure to produce insulin.

*Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM); insulin deficiency - similar to human diabetes type 1. There is a failure to produce insulin.

**Can be caused by islet-specific amyloidosis or chronic pancreatitis leading to β cell destrucion.

**Can be caused by islet-specific amyloidosis or chronic pancreatitis leading to β cell destruction.

*Non Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM); insulin antagonism - similar to human diabetes type 2.  

*Non Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM); insulin antagonism - similar to human diabetes type 2.  

**Caused by obesity which leads to carbohydrate intolerance.

**Caused by obesity which leads to carbohydrate intolerance.