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| *Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]] | | *Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] |
| *Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity | | *Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity |
| *A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages | | *A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages |
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| *Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]] | | *Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] |
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| *Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation | | *Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation |
| *The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur | | *The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur |
− | *In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Rhinitis|rhinitis]] | + | *In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Rhinitis|rhinitis]] |
| *Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis) | | *Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis) |
| *Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes | | *Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes |
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| *Caused by [[Herpesviridae|canine herpes virus 1]] | | *Caused by [[Herpesviridae|canine herpes virus 1]] |
| *Part of '''fading puppy syndrome''' | | *Part of '''fading puppy syndrome''' |
− | *Presents with necrotising [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhino]][[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and secondary [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] in older dogs | + | *Presents with necrotising [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhino]][[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and secondary [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] in older dogs |
| *Seems to be common subclinically | | *Seems to be common subclinically |
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| *Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]] | | *Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]] |
− | *Tends to be more [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]] | + | *Tends to be more [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]] |
| *Feline herpesvirus -1 | | *Feline herpesvirus -1 |
| **One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis | | **One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis |
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| *Causative agent: [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]] | | *Causative agent: [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], |
| *Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares | | *Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares |
| *Lesions present may include [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Patholgoy#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] | | *Lesions present may include [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Patholgoy#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] |
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| ===Equine rhinovirus=== | | ===Equine rhinovirus=== |
| *Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|equine rhinovirus]] | | *Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|equine rhinovirus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]] | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]] |
| *Most common in young horses | | *Most common in young horses |
| *May cause acute upper respiratory disease | | *May cause acute upper respiratory disease |
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| ===Equine influenza=== | | ===Equine influenza=== |
| *Causative agent: [[Orthomyxoviridae|equine influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)]] | | *Causative agent: [[Orthomyxoviridae|equine influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], |
| *Pathogenesis: | | *Pathogenesis: |
| **Inhalation -> replication in epithelial cells of upper and lower airways (attaches via haemaglutinin spike and gains entry into cell) -> neuramidase alters efficiency of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary apparatus]] | | **Inhalation -> replication in epithelial cells of upper and lower airways (attaches via haemaglutinin spike and gains entry into cell) -> neuramidase alters efficiency of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary apparatus]] |
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| ===Equine rhinopneumonitis === | | ===Equine rhinopneumonitis === |
| *Causative agent: [[Herpesviridae|equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4]] | | *Causative agent: [[Herpesviridae|equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4]] |
− | *Primary viral lesions in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|nasal mucosa]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]] | + | *Primary viral lesions in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|nasal mucosa]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]] |
| *Mild, transient [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] | | *Mild, transient [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] |
| *Latent infection acting as a reservoir | | *Latent infection acting as a reservoir |
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| ===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)=== | | ===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)=== |
| *Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]] | | *Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema |
| *Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells | | *Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells |
| *Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis | | *Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis |
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| *Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']] | | *Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']] |
| *URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles | | *URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]] | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]] |
| *Morbidity is high, mortality is low | | *Morbidity is high, mortality is low |
| *Highly infectious URT disease of cattle | | *Highly infectious URT disease of cattle |
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| *Causative agent: [[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|parainfluenza- 3 virus]] (PI3) | | *Causative agent: [[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|parainfluenza- 3 virus]] (PI3) |
− | *On its own causes [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] | + | *On its own causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] |
| *Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin | | *Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin |
| *Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] | | *Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] |
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| *Causative agent: [[Adenoviridae|bovine adenovirus]] | | *Causative agent: [[Adenoviridae|bovine adenovirus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] |
| *May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]] | | *May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]] |
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| *[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']] | | *[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']] |
| *Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age | | *Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age |
− | *Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old) | + | *Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old) |
| *May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] | | *May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] |
| *Morbitity high, mortality low | | *Morbitity high, mortality low |
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| *Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae|Swine influenza virus]] | | *Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae|Swine influenza virus]] |
− | *[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] | + | *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] |
| *Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort | | *Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort |
| *Grossly: | | *Grossly: |