Changes

====Avian Renal Portal System====

====Avian Renal Portal System====

In birds the blood from the hindlimbs is carried directly to the kidneys.  It bypasses the glomeruli and waste products in the blood are secreted directly into the tubules.  This is thought to be a more efficent way to excrete uric acid and urate.  It is of significance when injecting these animals If the injection is given in the caudal half of the body most of the drug will be potentially lost in the urine before it has time to act it may also be toxic to the kidney as it has not been metabolised by the liver

In birds the blood from the hindlimbs is carried directly to the kidneys.  It bypasses the glomeruli and waste products in the blood are secreted directly into the tubules.  This is thought to be a more efficent way to excrete uric acid and urate.  It is of significance when injecting these animals if the injection is given in the caudal half of the body most of the drug will be potentially lost in the urine before it has time to act it may also be toxic to the kidney as it has not been metabolised by the liver

====Other Roles of the Avian Kidney====

====Other Roles of the Avian Kidney====