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*Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals
*Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals
*Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America
*Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and south America
*Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases
*Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases
*Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast
*Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast
*Has a rudimentry flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin
*Has a rudimentary flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin
*After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body
*After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
*The amastigote (morphological form) in found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
*Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
*Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
**Innoculated during feeding
**Inoculated during feeding
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
**Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''')
**Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''')
*Very long incubation periods
*Very long incubation period
**Months to years
**Months to years
**Generalised lymphadenopathy
**Generalised lymphadenopathy
*Long periods of remission followed by the onset of clincial signs are not uncommon in infections
*Long periods of remission followed by recurrence of clinical signs is not uncommon in infections
*Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]]
*Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]]
*Mechanisms of transmission
*Mechanisms of transmission
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
**Rarely through direct contact
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
*Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms
*Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms
**In skin scraping or smears
**In skin scraping or smears
**In [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies
**In joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies
'''Treatment and Control'''
'''Treatment and Control'''
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to to other dogs, humans and wildlife
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
*Causes sleeping sickness in humans
*Causes sleeping sickness in humans
*Particularly affect sub-Saharan Africa
*Particularly seen in sub-Saharan Africa
**Affect cattle production
**Affects cattle production
**Cause Nagana (depression)
**Causes Nagana (Wasting disease)
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development in the insect vector
**'''Salivarian'''
**'''Salivarian'''
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding
***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
**'''Stercorarian'''
**'''Stercorarian'''
***Multiply in the hindgut
***Multiply in the hindgut
***Infective forms migrate to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]]
***Infective form migrates to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]]
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
***Also known as '''posterior station development'''
***Also known as '''posterior station development'''
*All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors
*All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors
**''T. equiperdum'' is a venerally transmitted disease
**''T. equiperdum'' is a venereally transmitted disease
*'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur
*'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
**Trypanosomes pass foward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
**Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
**Innoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
**Inoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
***Occurs in South America
***Occurs in South America
***Infects armadillos, possums and humans
***Infects armadillos, possums and humans
***Causes Chagas Disease
***Causes Chagas' Disease
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
**Progressive loss of body condition
**Progressive loss of body condition
**Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks
**Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks
**Chronic disease which usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated
**Chronic disease usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated
**Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds
**Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds
*In dogs and cats:
*In dogs and cats:
**''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese''
**''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese''
**Actute infections
**Acute infections
**Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity
**Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity
**Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions
**Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions
*Host response
*Host response
**Trypanotolerant wild animals remain parasitaemic for prolpnged periods without showing clincial signs of disease
**Trypanotolerant wild animals remain parasitaemic for prolonged periods without showing clinical signs of disease
***Cause lasting reservoirs of infection
***Cause lasting reservoirs of infection
**Most domestic livestock are susceptible to trypanosomosis
**Most domestic livestock are susceptible to trypanosomosis
*Prophylactic drug treatment
*Prophylactic drug treatment
**Change drug group periodically to decrease the chances of resistance occuring
**Change drug group periodically to decrease the chances of resistance occurring
**May lead to protective immunity but livestock will still be susceptible to heterologous challenges
**May lead to protective immunity but livestock will still be susceptible to heterologous challenges
**''T. evansi'' in Asia
**''T. evansi'' in Asia
*Venerally transmitted
*Venereally transmitted
**E.g. Dourine
**E.g. Dourine
***Transmitted by ''T. equiperdum''
***Transmitted by ''T. equiperdum''
***Causes genital and abdominal oedema, emaciataion and CNS signs
***Causes genital and abdominal oedema, emaciation and CNS signs
***Affects horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, Central and South America
***Affects horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, Central and South America