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Category:Intestine - Functional Obstruction (view source)
Revision as of 12:52, 31 May 2010
, 12:52, 31 May 2010Created page with '====Paralytic Ileus==== * A common condition. * Occurs following trauma or abdominal surgery. * Stasis of gut flow due to failure of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis…'
====Paralytic Ileus====
* A common condition.
* Occurs following trauma or abdominal surgery.
* Stasis of gut flow due to failure of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis| peristalsis].
** Leads to distension with gas and fluid, as well as a flaccid intestinal wall.
=====Causes=====
* Anything which stops peristalsis, e.g.
** Damage to nerve supply to intestine (autonomic nervous system)
** Pain
** Abnormal metabolism
** Toxaemia
** Electrolyte imbalance such as hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypokalaemia.
* Also in
** Diabetes mellitus
** Uraemia
** Tetanus
** Lead poisoning.
=====Pathology=====
* loss of smooth muscle tone leads to a flaccid bowel.
* Bowel is distended with fluid.
=====Pathogenesis=====
* Intestine susceptible to neurogenic damage during an operation.
* Peristalsis fades away over a few days producing paralytic (adynamic) ileus.
* Particularly occurs if bowel handled roughly, or if serosa gets cold and dry at surgery.
* Very difficult to start peristalsis again but will sometimes respond to pharmacological or electrical stimulation.
* The horse is very susceptible, and the dog is somewhat suscpeitble.
====Dysautonomia====
* Most notably affects horses and cats.
=====Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness=====
* Most prevalent in the UK and western Europe.
** Common in wetter areas, e.g. the South West.
* Seen in horses out at pasture in late summer and autumn.
* Usually affects young adults.
** 6-7 years old.
* '''Clinical'''
** Acute oneset:
*** Muscular tremors
*** Abdominal pain
*** Does not eat
*** Constipation
*** Become severly tympanic in acute cases
*** Dull and restless
*** Avoid swallowing
*** Salivate excessively
** Degenerative lesions are seen in the autonomic nerve ganglia, including enteric plexuses
** May either:
*** Progress rapidly to death
*** Take a slower clinical course.
**** Eat a bit, but food drops out of mouth
**** Go on to die slowly.
** Some horses recover
*** This is very unlikely, and the condition is usually fatal.
** Clinically difficult to diagnose - signs are confined to the gut.
*** Easy to diagnose on post mortem
* '''Pathology'''
** [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|Stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] large amounts of contain watery yellow fluid.
*** There is an abrupt change in the [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]], where no fluid is present.
**** [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]] has very dry mucoid contents.
* '''Pathogenesis'''
** Due to functional obstruction at ileocaecal valve and a degree of paralytic ileus of the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
** The exact cause is unknown, but a type of bacterial or fungal toxin which may damage autonomic nervous system ganglia may be involved.
*** ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' is thought to be involved.
* A similar condition seen in hares
** Certain yeares almost seem to have outbreaks.
* Certain pastures at certain times of year produce grass sickness quite often.
** A definitive diagnosis must be made - if the condition is due to the grazing we need to know.
*** E.g. if on livery or stud grazing, may put people off going there.
* 'Diagnosis'''
** At post mortem look for degenerative changes in coeliaco-mesenteric ganglia - need to examine histologically.
*** Ganglia are peanut sized and found in perirenal fat between adrenal gland and the aorta.
=====Feline dysautonomia, or Key-Gaskell Syndrome=====
[[Image:Ba 250 07.jpg|thumb|right|Histological section of degenerate neuron in feline dysautonomia(Courtesy of Susan Rhind)]]
* Occurs mostly in the UK and continental Europe.
* Is also of unknown aetiology. Suggested causative factors include:
** Environmental toxins
** Infectious agents
** Botulinum toxins .
* Clinical signs:
** Anorexia
** Depression
** Bradycardia
** Decreased lacrimation,
** Altered pupillary dilataion,
** [[Megaoesophagus]]
** Constipation.
* Degenerative lesions of autonomic nerve ganglia can be seen.
* Also occurs in the [[Key-Gaskell Syndrome|oesophagus]].[[Category:Obstruction,_Intestinal]]
* A common condition.
* Occurs following trauma or abdominal surgery.
* Stasis of gut flow due to failure of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis| peristalsis].
** Leads to distension with gas and fluid, as well as a flaccid intestinal wall.
=====Causes=====
* Anything which stops peristalsis, e.g.
** Damage to nerve supply to intestine (autonomic nervous system)
** Pain
** Abnormal metabolism
** Toxaemia
** Electrolyte imbalance such as hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypokalaemia.
* Also in
** Diabetes mellitus
** Uraemia
** Tetanus
** Lead poisoning.
=====Pathology=====
* loss of smooth muscle tone leads to a flaccid bowel.
* Bowel is distended with fluid.
=====Pathogenesis=====
* Intestine susceptible to neurogenic damage during an operation.
* Peristalsis fades away over a few days producing paralytic (adynamic) ileus.
* Particularly occurs if bowel handled roughly, or if serosa gets cold and dry at surgery.
* Very difficult to start peristalsis again but will sometimes respond to pharmacological or electrical stimulation.
* The horse is very susceptible, and the dog is somewhat suscpeitble.
====Dysautonomia====
* Most notably affects horses and cats.
=====Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness=====
* Most prevalent in the UK and western Europe.
** Common in wetter areas, e.g. the South West.
* Seen in horses out at pasture in late summer and autumn.
* Usually affects young adults.
** 6-7 years old.
* '''Clinical'''
** Acute oneset:
*** Muscular tremors
*** Abdominal pain
*** Does not eat
*** Constipation
*** Become severly tympanic in acute cases
*** Dull and restless
*** Avoid swallowing
*** Salivate excessively
** Degenerative lesions are seen in the autonomic nerve ganglia, including enteric plexuses
** May either:
*** Progress rapidly to death
*** Take a slower clinical course.
**** Eat a bit, but food drops out of mouth
**** Go on to die slowly.
** Some horses recover
*** This is very unlikely, and the condition is usually fatal.
** Clinically difficult to diagnose - signs are confined to the gut.
*** Easy to diagnose on post mortem
* '''Pathology'''
** [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|Stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] large amounts of contain watery yellow fluid.
*** There is an abrupt change in the [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]], where no fluid is present.
**** [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]] has very dry mucoid contents.
* '''Pathogenesis'''
** Due to functional obstruction at ileocaecal valve and a degree of paralytic ileus of the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
** The exact cause is unknown, but a type of bacterial or fungal toxin which may damage autonomic nervous system ganglia may be involved.
*** ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' is thought to be involved.
* A similar condition seen in hares
** Certain yeares almost seem to have outbreaks.
* Certain pastures at certain times of year produce grass sickness quite often.
** A definitive diagnosis must be made - if the condition is due to the grazing we need to know.
*** E.g. if on livery or stud grazing, may put people off going there.
* 'Diagnosis'''
** At post mortem look for degenerative changes in coeliaco-mesenteric ganglia - need to examine histologically.
*** Ganglia are peanut sized and found in perirenal fat between adrenal gland and the aorta.
=====Feline dysautonomia, or Key-Gaskell Syndrome=====
[[Image:Ba 250 07.jpg|thumb|right|Histological section of degenerate neuron in feline dysautonomia(Courtesy of Susan Rhind)]]
* Occurs mostly in the UK and continental Europe.
* Is also of unknown aetiology. Suggested causative factors include:
** Environmental toxins
** Infectious agents
** Botulinum toxins .
* Clinical signs:
** Anorexia
** Depression
** Bradycardia
** Decreased lacrimation,
** Altered pupillary dilataion,
** [[Megaoesophagus]]
** Constipation.
* Degenerative lesions of autonomic nerve ganglia can be seen.
* Also occurs in the [[Key-Gaskell Syndrome|oesophagus]].[[Category:Obstruction,_Intestinal]]