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-Depends on the severity of the atrial septal defect and any other additional defects
-Depends on the severity of the atrial septal defect and any other additional defects
==From Pathology==
Persistent Foramen Ovale, allowing blood flow from left to right atria.
Produces volume overload of right ventricle and subsequent raise in central venous pressure and venous congestion.
''Incidence:''
*Rare in cats and dogs, increased incidence in Old English Sheepdogs and Boxers.
*More common in cattle, often due to failure of growth of septum secundum.
''Clinical Signs:''
*If small defect no clinical signs.
*If large defect see exercise intolerance, syncope and dyspnoea.
''Diagnosis:''
*Enlarged right ventricle and atrium on radiology.
*Can visualise on echocardiography.
''Treatment:''<br>
Usually no management needed.
[[Category:Cardiovascular System - Developmental Pathology]]