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| − | *Lyme disease
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| − | **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''
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| − | **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep
| + | ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' is a species of ''Borrelia'' bacteria. ''Borrelia'' species are longer, wider, helical [[Spirochaetes species - Overview|spirochaetes]]. |
| − | **Ticks are the vector, which acquire the infection from small rodents, the reservoir hosts
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| − | **Ticks transmit the infection to large mammals such as deer and sheep
| + | ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' is the cause of [['''Lyme disease''']]. The ''Borreliae'' bacteria multiply in the blood stream of susceptible hosts and disseminate throughout the body. They can localise in joints, brain, nerves, eyes and heart. The bacteria are reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep. |
| − | **''Ixodes ricinus'' is the most common tick vector in Europe
| + | Ticks are the vector for [[Lyme disease]], in particular, [[''Ixodes ricinus'']]. |
| − | **Pathogenesis
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| − | ***Virulence of the borreliae requires a change in expression of an outer membrane protein following ingestion of blood by the tick
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| − | ***Borreliae multiply in the blood stream of susceptible hosts and disseminate throughout the body
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| − | ***Localisation in joints, brain, nerves, eyes and heart can occur
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| − | ***The associated lesions may be in part caused by the host immune response
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| − | **CLinical signs
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| − | ***May be subclinical in endemic areas
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| − | ***Clinical manifestation depends on the site of localisation of organisms
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| − | ***Disease in dogs may cause fever, lethargy, arthritis, cardiac, renal or neurological disturbance
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| − | ***Horses suffer similar clinical signs but also lameness, uveitis, nephritis, hepatitis and encephalitis
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| − | ***Cattle and sheep may suffer from lameness
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| − | **Diagnosis
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| − | ***Laboratory confirmation difficult due to low numbers of organisms and fastidious growth requirements
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| − | ***History of exposure to ticks in an endemic region and clinical signs
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| − | ***Rising antibody titre to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' detected by ELISA
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| − | ***Immunofluorescence
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| − | ***Culture in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium for 6 weeks under microaerophilic conditions
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| − | ***PCR
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| − | **Treatment and control
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| − | ***Amoxycillin and oxytetracycline in the acute phase; prolonged treatment in the chronic phase
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| − | ***Tick control and removal
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| − | ***Vaccines including whole cell bacterins and recombinant subunit vaccines available for dogs
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| | [[Category:Borrelia species]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]] | | [[Category:Borrelia species]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]] |
| | [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]] | | [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]] |