Changes

*'''Annulations''' - Transverse lines in cuticle, possibly used as anchoring points in locomotion

*'''Annulations''' - Transverse lines in cuticle, possibly used as anchoring points in locomotion

*'''Longitudinal Ridges''' - also known as 'synlophe', seen in some Trichostrongylidea species such as ''[[Nematodirus]]''.

*'''Longitudinal Ridges''' - also known as 'synlophe', seen in some Trichostrongylidea species such as ''[[Nematodirus]]''.

*'''Alae''' or '''wings''' - Projections of the outer cuticle layer. Can appear either just at the anterior or posterior or along the entire length of the worm. In bursate males posterior alae for part of the copulatory bursa.

*'''Alae''' or '''wings''' - Projections of the outer cuticle layer. Can appear either just at the anterior or posterior or along the entire length of the worm. In [[Bursate Nematodes|bursate]] males posterior alae for part of the copulatory bursa.

*'''Spines''' - Protrusions of the cuticle on the surface of the nematode. Function unknown, could be in self defense or attachment to host.

*'''Spines''' - Protrusions of the cuticle on the surface of the nematode. Function unknown, could be in self defense or attachment to host.

*'''Inflations''' - Vesicle like swellings of the cuticle function unknown. Found in ''[[Oesophagostomum]]'' species.

*'''Inflations''' - Vesicle like swellings of the cuticle function unknown. Found in ''[[Oesophagostomum]]'' species.

Males are either monorchic (most secernentea)  or diorchic (most Adenophera), with regards to the number of testis present. The testis are tubular structures lined with epithelium and glandular tissue, sperm are produced at the end and mature as they migrate towards the shared opening of the cloaca. Many males have paired chitinous protrusion from the cloaca known as '''spicules''', these are used for attaching to a female during copulation. The spicules are easily seen under a microscope due to their chitinous structure and their position and shape may be used as an identifying feature. Sperm are ejaculated from the cloaca around the spicule, rather than through it. The sperm produced by nematodes is amoeboid and is very motile, employing the same locomotion mechanism as seen in amoeboid species.  

Males are either monorchic (most secernentea)  or diorchic (most Adenophera), with regards to the number of testis present. The testis are tubular structures lined with epithelium and glandular tissue, sperm are produced at the end and mature as they migrate towards the shared opening of the cloaca. Many males have paired chitinous protrusion from the cloaca known as '''spicules''', these are used for attaching to a female during copulation. The spicules are easily seen under a microscope due to their chitinous structure and their position and shape may be used as an identifying feature. Sperm are ejaculated from the cloaca around the spicule, rather than through it. The sperm produced by nematodes is amoeboid and is very motile, employing the same locomotion mechanism as seen in amoeboid species.  

One of the most distinctive features of some male nematodes is the presence of a copulatory bursa, seen in nematodes of the order Strongylida. Nematodes with a copulatory bursa are known as '''Bursate''', whilst those without are '''non-bursate'''. This bursa is at the posterior end of the nematode and is formed from alae with laeral rays that are used for grasping onto the body of the female during copulation.

One of the most distinctive features of some male nematodes is the presence of a copulatory bursa, seen in nematodes of the order Strongylida. Nematodes with a copulatory bursa are known as [[Bursate Nematodes|'''Bursate''']], whilst those without are [[:Category:Non-Bursate Nematodes|'''non-bursate''']]. This bursa is at the posterior end of the nematode and is formed from alae with laeral rays that are used for grasping onto the body of the female during copulation.

====Females====

====Females====