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*Neutralising [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] blocks the attachment of virus to host cell receptors
*Neutralising [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] blocks the attachment of virus to host cell receptors
*'''Endogenous vaccines''' are where the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] are made as new proteins by the cell, bacterium or virus
*'''Endogenous vaccines''' are where the antigens are made as new proteins by the cell, bacterium or virus
**Involves [[MHC - WikiBlood#MHC I|MHC class I]] processing
**Involves [[MHC - WikiBlood#MHC I|MHC class I]] processing
**E.g. live virus, recombinant virus and DNA vaccines
**E.g. live virus, recombinant virus and DNA vaccines
*'''Exogenous vaccines''' are when the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] is processed from the outside by endocytosis without any new proteins being made by the host cell
*'''Exogenous vaccines''' are when the antigen is processed from the outside by endocytosis without any new proteins being made by the host cell
**involves [[MHC - WikiBlood#MHC II|MHC class II]] processing
**involves [[MHC - WikiBlood#MHC II|MHC class II]] processing
**E.g. Inactivated and subunit vaccines
**E.g. Inactivated and subunit vaccines
*Short duration of action
*Short duration of action
**Temporary protection by the administration of preformed [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] from another individual of the same or of a different species
**Temporary protection by the administration of preformed [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] from another individual of the same or of a different species
**The acquired [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], and catabolised by the body, meaning protection is gradually lost
**The acquired [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - Overview#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], and catabolised by the body, meaning protection is gradually lost
*Injection of antiserum may cause an [[Adverse Drug Reactions|allergic response]]
*Injection of antiserum may cause an [[Adverse Drug Reactions|allergic response]]
*Antiserum contains many [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]], not just the specific [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] needed
*Antiserum contains many [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]], not just the specific [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] needed
*Maternally-derived [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] in [[Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]]
*Maternally-derived [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] in [[Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]]
*Antiserum (artificial)
*Antiserum (artificial)
**The [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] are used in combination with [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] (and often an [[Vaccines#Adjuvants|adjuvant]]) which is injected into the host animal
**The [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] are used in combination with Antigen Recognition|antigen (and often an [[Vaccines#Adjuvants|adjuvant]]) which is injected into the host animal
**The immune system of that animal synthesises [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]]
**The immune system of that animal synthesises [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]]
**Repeated injections at intervals increases the total [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] production
**Repeated injections at intervals increases the total [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] production
===Active immunisation===
===Active immunisation===
*Administer [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] so the patient develops its own [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] to protect against disease
*Administer antigen so the patient develops its own [[Immunoglobulins|antibodies]] to protect against disease
**Living organisms
**Living organisms
**Dead organisms
**Dead organisms
'''Advantages'''
'''Advantages'''
*Long duration of action
*Long duration of action
**Once [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] is produced against the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]], [[B cell differentiation#Memory cells|memory cells]] are formed which continue circulating in the body
**Once [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] is produced against the antigen, [[B cell differentiation#Memory cells|memory cells]] are formed which continue circulating in the body
**For further information on memory cells click [[B cell differentiation|here]]
**For further information on memory cells click [[B cell differentiation|here]]
'''Disadvantages'''
'''Disadvantages'''
*Delay in protection
*Delay in protection
**The host's immune system needs to evoke an immune response against the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] which can take a few days
**The host's immune system needs to evoke an immune response against the antigen which can take a few days
**For further information on the [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] response click [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood|here]]
**For further information on the [[Immunoglobulins|antibody]] response click [[:Category:Adaptive Immune System|Adaptive Immune System]]
*Often needs two or more doses
*Often needs two or more doses
**Virulent organisms cannot be used as vaccines as they would cause disease
**Virulent organisms cannot be used as vaccines as they would cause disease
**Virulence is reduced by growing the organism in altered conditions (e.g. in cells or eggs), so that it is less able to replicate when introduced to the host, and therefore less likely to cause disease
**Virulence is reduced by growing the organism in altered conditions (e.g. in cells or eggs), so that it is less able to replicate when introduced to the host, and therefore less likely to cause disease
**Produces a superior response to disease than using killed organisms as the dose of [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] is larger and more sustained
**Produces a superior response to disease than using killed organisms as the dose of antigen is larger and more sustained
**Virulence can also be reduced by genetic engineering
**Virulence can also be reduced by genetic engineering
**Naturally occurring avirulent strains can also be used
**Naturally occurring avirulent strains can also be used
*Killed inactivated organism or toxin (toxoid)
*Killed inactivated organism or toxin (toxoid)
**Virulent and toxic organisms cannot be used as vaccines as they would cause disease
**Virulent and toxic organisms cannot be used as vaccines as they would cause disease
**Organisms can be killed using radiation or chemicals so that they still possess the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigens]] to stimulate an immune response, but the organisms are unable to replicate inside the host
**Organisms can be killed using radiation or chemicals so that they still possess the
**Toxins are inactivated to produce a toxoid which will still have the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigens]] needed to produce an immune response but will not be harmful to the host
antigens to stimulate an immune response, but the organisms are unable to replicate inside the host
**Toxins are inactivated to produce a toxoid which will still have the antigens needed to produce an immune response but will not be harmful to the host
**Needs two doses (for an explanation on the [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] response click [[B cell differentiation#T-Cell Dependent and Independent Responses|here]])
**Needs two doses (for an explanation on the [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] response click [[B cell differentiation#T-Cell Dependent and Independent Responses|here]])
**1:4000 formaldehyde is the current preparation
**1:4000 formaldehyde is the current preparation
*Recombinant or synthetic protein
*Recombinant or synthetic protein
**The gene for the [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] required is inserted into a virus vector or cloned into bacteria allowing endogenous expression
**The gene for the antigen required is inserted into a virus vector or cloned into bacteria allowing endogenous expression
**Small [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigens]], such as peptides, can be synthetically produced
**Small antigens, such as peptides, can be synthetically produced
**E.g. Being developed constantly to fight the Influenza viruses
**E.g. Being developed constantly to fight the Influenza viruses
**E.g. Canary pox vaccines encoding rabies or FeLV spike proteins (canary pox is safe as it undergoes incomplete replication in mammalian skin cells)
**E.g. Canary pox vaccines encoding rabies or FeLV spike proteins (canary pox is safe as it undergoes incomplete replication in mammalian skin cells)
*DNA coding for proteins ([[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigens]])
*DNA coding for proteins (antigens)
**Circular DNA plasmids expanded in disabled E.coli strains and then purified
**Circular DNA plasmids expanded in disabled E.coli strains and then purified
**Plasmids express the foreign gene insert at the site of injection
**Plasmids express the foreign gene insert at the site of injection
*Used with vaccines containing inactivated organisms which alone only stimulate a weak immune response
*Used with vaccines containing inactivated organisms which alone only stimulate a weak immune response
*Some create a depot of [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] at the injection site allowing a steady flow of [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] into the afferent lymph
*Some create a depot of antigen at the injection site allowing a steady flow of antigen into the afferent lymph
*Some stimulate the immune system to amplify the adaptive immune response to [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigens]]
*Some stimulate the immune system to amplify the adaptive immune response to antigens
**E.g. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
**E.g. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
**E.g. PAMP-like adjuvants which assist naive [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] priming
**E.g. PAMP-like adjuvants which assist naive [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] priming
**E.g. Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity
**E.g. Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity
*Adjuvants decrease the number of injections needed and the amount of [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigen]] administered
*Adjuvants decrease the number of injections needed and the amount of antigen administered
===Marker Vaccines===
===Marker Vaccines===
**Protects neonates for the first 8-12 weeks of life
**Protects neonates for the first 8-12 weeks of life
*Vaccination of young animals should be when the natural passive immunity decreases below the threshold for providing protection. Active immunity should then be stimulated so that the animal has constant protection. The vaccination should not be given too early, as the natural immunity can interfere with immunisation by binding and neutralising the vaccine [[Adaptive Immune System - WikiBlood#Antigen Recognition|antigens]].
*Vaccination of young animals should be when the natural passive immunity decreases below the threshold for providing protection. Active immunity should then be stimulated so that the animal has constant protection. The vaccination should not be given too early, as the natural immunity can interfere with immunisation by binding and neutralising the vaccine antigens.
*2 vaccines are usually given to allow for differences between neonates, as the point where natural immunity decreases and active immunity needs to be stimulated, will differ between littermates and between different animals
*2 vaccines are usually given to allow for differences between neonates, as the point where natural immunity decreases and active immunity needs to be stimulated, will differ between littermates and between different animals