Changes

==Clinical Significance==

==Clinical Significance==

Azotaemia may cause the clinical syndrome of [[Uraemia|'''uraemia''']], affecting multiple organ systems.  The causes of azotaemia are usually divided into pre-renal, renal and post-renal:

Azotaemia may cause the clinical syndrome of [[Uraemia|'''uraemia''']], affecting multiple organ systems.  The causes of azotaemia are usually divided into pre-renal, renal and post-renal:

*'''Pre-renal azotaemia''' occurs when the kidney receives insufficient oxygen to maintain its metabolism:

===Pre-renal azotaemia===

**'''Dehydration/hypovolaemia''', reducing renal blood flow.

This occurs when the kidney receives insufficient oxygen to maintain its metabolism:

**'''Heart failure''' results in a reduced cardiac output, reducing renal blood flow.

*'''Dehydration/hypovolaemia''', reducing renal blood flow.

**'''Anaemia''' reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to the kidneys.

*'''Heart failure''' results in a reduced cardiac output, reducing renal blood flow.

**'''Portal hypertension''' may result in splanchnic pooling of blood and reduced renal blood flow.

*'''Anaemia''' reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to the kidneys.

*'''Renal azotaemia''' results from direct insults to the kidney:

*'''Portal hypertension''' may result in splanchnic pooling of blood and reduced renal blood flow.

**'''Exogenous toxins''' including heavy metals, [[Aminoglycosides|aminoglycosides]], [[Tetracyclines|tetracyclines]], polymixin B, cisplatin, lilies in cats and grapes in dogs.

===Renal azotaemia===

**'''Endogenous toxins''' including haemoglobin, myoglobin and calcium.

This occurs following a direct insult to the kidney:

**Infection as in '''pyelonephritis''', '''interstitial nephritis''' (as caused by [[Leptospirosis - Cats and Dogs|''Leptospira spp.'']] or '''granulomatous nephritis''' (as caused by the dry form of [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]]).

*'''Exogenous toxins''' including heavy metals, [[Aminoglycosides|aminoglycosides]], [[Tetracyclines|tetracyclines]], polymixin B, cisplatin, lilies in cats and grapes in dogs.

**'''Glomerulonephritis''' and '''[[Amyloidosis|amyloidosis]]'''.

*'''Endogenous toxins''' including haemoglobin, myoglobin and calcium.

**'''Neoplasia''', including adenocarcinoma in dogs and lymphoma in cats.

*Infection as in '''pyelonephritis''', '''interstitial nephritis''' (as caused by [[Leptospirosis - Cats and Dogs|''Leptospira spp.'']] or '''granulomatous nephritis''' (as caused by the dry form of [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]]).

*'''Post-renal azotaemia''' results from obstructions to the urinary tract:

*'''Glomerulonephritis''' and '''[[Amyloidosis|amyloidosis]]'''.

**'''[[Urolithiasis - Small Animal|Urolithiasis]]'''

*'''Neoplasia''', including adenocarcinoma in dogs and lymphoma in cats.

**'''Rupture of the urinary tract''', often due to trauma and causing [[Uroabdomen|uroabdomen]].

===Post-renal azotaemia===

**'''Neoplasia''', including transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and prostatic neoplasia.

This occurs following obstructions within the urinary tract:

*'''[[Urolithiasis - Small Animal|Urolithiasis]]'''

*'''Rupture of the urinary tract''', often due to trauma and causing [[Uroabdomen|uroabdomen]].

*'''Neoplasia''', including transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and prostatic neoplasia.

[[Category:Blood Biochemistry Changes]]

[[Category:Blood Biochemistry Changes]]