Changes

* Most birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are typical of many raptors.

* Most birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are typical of many raptors.

* '''Left Ovary''' lies caudal to the [[Adrenal_Glands_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Adrenal Gland]], close to the cranial tip of the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Kidney]].

* '''Left Ovary''' lies caudal to the [[Adrenal_Glands_- Anatomy & Physiology|Adrenal Gland]], close to the cranial tip of the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Kidney]].

* Consists of:

* Consists of:

** '''Medulla''': vascular with nerve fibres and smooth muscle

** '''Medulla''': vascular with nerve fibres and smooth muscle

* Blood supply from the '''cranial renal artery'''

* Blood supply from the '''cranial renal artery'''

** Artery is very short, making ovariectomy very difficult with risk of [[Haemorrhage - Pathology|haemorrhage]].

** Artery is very short, making ovariectomy very difficult with risk of [[Haemorrhage - Pathology|haemorrhage]].

* Contains from 500 to several thousand primary [[The_Ovary_-_Oocytes_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|oocytes]].

* Contains from 500 to several thousand primary [[The_Ovary_-_Oocytes_- Anatomy & Physiology|oocytes]].

* [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Follicles]] are '''pedunculated''', suspended by a stalk containing smooth muscle that has a rich vascular and nerve supply.

* [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|Follicles]] are '''pedunculated''', suspended by a stalk containing smooth muscle that has a rich vascular and nerve supply.

** Large, pendulous [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Follicles]] may contact the [[Avian_Digestive_Tract_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|stomach]], [[Spleen_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|spleen]] and [[Avian_Intestines_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|intestines]].

** Large, pendulous [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|Follicles]] may contact the [[Avian_Digestive_Tract_- Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], [[Spleen_- Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and [[Avian_Intestines_- Anatomy & Physiology|intestines]].

** Each consists of a large, yolk-filled oocyte surrounded by a highly vascular follicular wall.

** Each consists of a large, yolk-filled oocyte surrounded by a highly vascular follicular wall.

* Shortly before [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], a devascularized white band (stigma) appears opposite the stalk, indicating where the wall will rupture at [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].

* Shortly before [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], a devascularized white band (stigma) appears opposite the stalk, indicating where the wall will rupture at [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].

* The empty follicle (calix) regresses following [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]] and disappears in a few days.

* The empty follicle (calix) regresses following [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]] and disappears in a few days.

* No [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Corpus Luteum]] is required, since there is no embryo to maintain as there is in mammals.

* No [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|Corpus Luteum]] is required, since there is no embryo to maintain as there is in mammals.

== Oviduct ==

== Oviduct ==

[[Image:Chicken female dissection.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dissection of the Female Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Andrew Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Chicken female dissection.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dissection of the Female Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Andrew Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]]

The oviduct may be divided into the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina.  The oviduct not only conducts the fertilized ovum to the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]], but adds substantial amounts of nutrients.  It also encloses the ovum within membranes and a shell, providing protection for the embryo.  It conveys spermatozoa to the ovum for immediate fertilization and stores them for future use.  One insemination is sufficient to fertilize the ova released during the following 10 days.

The oviduct may be divided into the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina.  The oviduct not only conducts the fertilized ovum to the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]], but adds substantial amounts of nutrients.  It also encloses the ovum within membranes and a shell, providing protection for the embryo.  It conveys spermatozoa to the ovum for immediate fertilization and stores them for future use.  One insemination is sufficient to fertilize the ova released during the following 10 days.

* The right oviduct regresses in development under the influence of MIH.

* The right oviduct regresses in development under the influence of MIH.

* Occupies the left,dorsal part of the body cavity.

* Occupies the left,dorsal part of the body cavity.

* Related to the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Kidney]], [[Avian_Intestines_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|intestines]] and [[Gizzard_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|gizzard]].

* Related to the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Kidney]], [[Avian_Intestines_- Anatomy & Physiology|intestines]] and [[Gizzard_- Anatomy & Physiology|gizzard]].

* Massive coiled structure approximately twice body length when fully functional..

* Massive coiled structure approximately twice body length when fully functional..

** Much reduced in juveniles and during the non-laying period.

** Much reduced in juveniles and during the non-laying period.

*** Ostium is positioned by the left abdominal air sac in such a way that it can grasp the newly released oocyte.

*** Ostium is positioned by the left abdominal air sac in such a way that it can grasp the newly released oocyte.

* Subsequent to [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], the ovum is engulfed by the Infundibulum.

* Subsequent to [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]], the ovum is engulfed by the Infundibulum.

* Ovum resides here for '''15-30 minutes'''.

* Ovum resides here for '''15-30 minutes'''.

* '''Fertilization''' must take place in the funnel section of the Infundibulum before the [[The_Ovary_-_Oocytes_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|oocyte]] gets surrounded by [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].

* '''Fertilization''' must take place in the funnel section of the Infundibulum before the [[The_Ovary_-_Oocytes_- Anatomy & Physiology|oocyte]] gets surrounded by [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_- Anatomy & Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].

* Penetration by sperm usually occurs within 15 minutes of [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].

* Penetration by sperm usually occurs within 15 minutes of [[Exotics_-_Breeding%2C_Ovulation_and_Oviposition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Ovulation|ovulation]].

* Infundibular glands provide the chalaziferous layer, the thin coating of dense [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Albumin|albumin]] around the [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Yolk|yolk]].

* Infundibular glands provide the chalaziferous layer, the thin coating of dense [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_- Anatomy & Physiology#Albumin|albumin]] around the [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_- Anatomy & Physiology#Yolk|yolk]].

** Chalazae, the coiled strands that suspend the yolk and allow it to rotate so that the ferminal disc remains uppermost, develop further along the genital duct.

** Chalazae, the coiled strands that suspend the yolk and allow it to rotate so that the ferminal disc remains uppermost, develop further along the genital duct.

* Some species have a [[Exotics_-_Anatomy_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Sperm_Host_Glands|'''sperm host gland''']] in this area to store sperm for later fertilization.

* Some species have a [[Exotics_-_Anatomy_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System_- Anatomy & Physiology#Sperm_Host_Glands|'''sperm host gland''']] in this area to store sperm for later fertilization.

=== Magnum ===

=== Magnum ===

* Demarcated from the Magnum by a narrow aglandular zone.

* Demarcated from the Magnum by a narrow aglandular zone.

* Folds less prominent than the Magnum, but the glands secrete more [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].

* Folds less prominent than the Magnum, but the glands secrete more [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_- Anatomy & Physiology#Albumin|albumin]].

* Divides the Magnum from the Uterus.

* Divides the Magnum from the Uterus.

* Present in '''poultry''' but not in Psittacines.

* Present in '''poultry''' but not in Psittacines.

* Ovum resides here for '''~1-2 hours'''

* Ovum resides here for '''~1-2 hours'''

* Inner and outer [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Shell|'''shell membrane formation''']].

* Inner and outer [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_- Anatomy & Physiology#Shell|'''shell membrane formation''']].

=== Uterus ===

=== Uterus ===

* Holds the egg during [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Shell|shell formation]].

* Holds the egg during [[Exotics_-_Composition_and_Formation_of_the_Egg_- Anatomy & Physiology#Shell|shell formation]].

* 80% of time is spent here.

* 80% of time is spent here.

* Very vascular to aid calcium deposition.

* Very vascular to aid calcium deposition.

* Muscular S-shaped tube through which the completed egg passes when it is expelled.

* Muscular S-shaped tube through which the completed egg passes when it is expelled.

* Vagina is separated from the Uterus by a '''vaginal sphincter''' which terminates at the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].

* Vagina is separated from the Uterus by a '''vaginal sphincter''' which terminates at the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].

* Ends at a slitlike opening in the lateral wall of the Urodeum.

* Ends at a slitlike opening in the lateral wall of the Urodeum.

* Smooth muscle more powerful than the rest of the oviduct.

* Smooth muscle more powerful than the rest of the oviduct.

[[Image:Avian Cloaca Diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Avian Cloaca Diagram - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Avian Cloaca Diagram.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Avian Cloaca Diagram - Copyright RVC 2008]]

* '''Urodeum''' is the middle compartment of the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].

* '''Urodeum''' is the middle compartment of the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]].

* Separated from other parts by circular mucosal folds.

* Separated from other parts by circular mucosal folds.

* Ureters and genital ducts empty into its dorsal wall.

* Ureters and genital ducts empty into its dorsal wall.