Palpable Points - Horse Anatomy
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Forelimb
The Shoulder
Bones
- Cranial border of the scapula
- Dorsal border of the scapular cartilage
- Spine of the scapula
- Caudal division of the greater tuberosity, humerus
- Deltoid tuberosity, humerus
- Greater tuberosity, humerus
Soft Tissue
- Brachiocephalicus
- Deltoid muscles
- Triceps
- Supraspinatus and infrapinatus
Antebrachium and Elbow
Bones
- Olecranon
- Lateral epicondyle, humerus
- Lateral tuberosity, radius
- Styloid process, radius
Joint
- Identified between distal humeral epicondyle and lateral tuberosity of the radius. The collateral ligament runs between these two landmarks.
Soft tissue
- Extensor carpi radialis
- Common digital extensor
- Extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris, the groove between these two muscles can be felt caudally
- Tendon sheath of flexor carpi radialis
Metacarpal region and Carpus
Bones
- Medial styloid process of radius
- Lateral styloid process of radius
- Accessory carpal bone
- Medial and lateral splint bones and their buttons
Joint
- Radiocarpal joint
- Carpal canal
Soft tissue
- Extensor carpi radialis tendon
- Common digital extensor tendon
- Lateral digital extensor tendon
- Flexor reticulum
- Superficial and deep digital flexor tendon
- Accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon
- Suspensory ligament
- Blood vessels and nerves in mid-metacarpal region
- Medial palmar artery
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Bones
- Sagittal ridge of dorsal metacarpus under CDE tendon
- Dorsoproximal margin of proximal phalanx
- Proximal sesamoid bones
Soft tissue
- Common digital flexor tendon
- Dorsal pouch of the joint either side of the CDE tendon
- Lateral digital extensor
- Neurovascular bundle on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoids
- Collateral ligaments of proximal sesamoids
- Suspensory ligament
- Palmar annular ligament
- Palmar pouch of joint
- Proximal pouch of digital sheath between the suspensory ligament and digital flexor tendon
Pastern
Bones
- Epicondyles of distal proximal phalanx and palmar processes of proximal middle phalanx show the site of the joint
Soft tissue
- Dorsal pouch of distal interphalangeal joint
- Collateral cartilage
- Extensor slips from suspensory ligament attaching to the CDE tendon
- Widening of common digital extensor tendon
- Collateral ligaments of joint attaching to epicondyle of middle phalanx
- Flexor tendons
- Digital arteries
Foot
- Coronary band and periople
- Heel
- Frog
- Paracuneal sulcus
- Sole
- White line
- Wall of hoof
Hindlimb
Thigh and Hindquarters
Bones
- Tuber coxae
- Greater trochanter of the femur
- Third trochanter of the femur
- Medial troclear ridge of the femur
Soft tissue
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris
- Quadriceps
- Gluteals
- Tensor fascia latae
Crus and Stifle
Bones
- Lateral condyle of tibia
- Lateral malleolus of tibia
- Tibial crest
- Patella
Joints
- Femeropatellar joint
- Femerotibial joint
Soft tissue
- Cranial tibial
- Long and lateral digital extensor muscles
- Gastrocnemius
- Deep digital flexor muscle
- Patellar ligaments
- Quadriceps
- Combined tendon of fibularis tertius and long digital extensor
- Lateral and medial collateral ligaments
- Medial menisci
- Popliteal tendon
Hock
Bones
- Lateral and medial malleolus of the tibia
- Trochlea of the talus
- Sustentaculum tali
- Heads of the splint bones
Joints
- Tarsocrural joint
- Proximal intertarsal joint
- Distal intertarsal joint
- Tarsometatarsal joint
Soft tissue
- Cranial tibial
- Peroneus tertius
- Long digital extensor
- Lateral digital extensor
- Lateral collateral ligaments
- Saphenous vein
- Medial collateral ligaments of tarsocrural joint
- Cunean tendon
- Achilles tendon - SDFT, gastrocnemius, deep tarsal ligaments
- Calcaneal bursa
- Plantar ligament of calcaneus
Metatarsal Region
Bones
- Splint bones
Soft tissue
- Long digital extensor tendon
- Lateral digital extensor tendon
- Lateral and medial palmar artery
- Suspensory ligament
- Flexor tendons
Metatarsophalangeal Joint and Foot
- As for forelimb