Non-infectious Female Reproductive Pathology Quiz

WIKIQUIZ

Questions reviewed by:

Peter G.G. Jackson BVM&S, MA, DVM&S, FRCVS David Bainbridge, VetMB MA PhD MRCVS David Kilroy MVB CVMA MRCVS

1

Broadly speaking, what is the definition of the term intersex? An individual with a XY genotype with testosterone producing but sterile gonads A developmental abnormality resulting in discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sex An individual which behaves like a male and may mount but has a sub anal genital opening An individual possessing gonads of one sex and the ducts and external genitalia of the opposite sex An individual possessing gonads of both sexes Please select an option Incorrect. An individual with a XY genotype with testosterone producing but sterile gonads has testicular feminisation which occurs in male pseudohermaphrodites. The sterile gonads are internal andthere is female external genitalia. This condition affects horses, it is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Correct!A developmental abnormality resulting in discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Incorrect. An individual which is a male pseudohermaphrodite may behave like a male and may mount but has a sub anal genital opening, as well as a prominent clitoris. This is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Incorrect. An individual possessing gonads of one sex and the ducts and external genitalia of the opposite sex is called a pseudohermaphrodite.This is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Incorrect. An individual possessing gonads of both sexes is called a true hermaphrodite. This is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies

2

Which of the following neoplasias affecting the ovary is of germ cell origin? Thecal cell tumour Teratoma Granulosa cell tumour Cyst adenoma Adenocarcinoma Please select an option Incorrect. Thecal cell tumour is not of germ cell origin. The correct answer is teratoma is of germ cell origin. WikiVet Article: Ovarian neoplasia Correct! A teratoma is of germ cell origin. It is a kind of tumour with a tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers. Teratomas have been reported to contain hair, teeth, bone and more rarely complex organs such as an eyeball. WikiVet Article: Ovarian neoplasia. Link to relevant webpage: Teratoma Incorrect. Granulosa cell tumour is not of germ cell origin. The correct answer is teratoma is of germ cell origin. WikiVet Article: Ovarian neoplasia Incorrect. Cyst adenoma is not of germ cell origin. The correct answer is teratoma is of germ cell origin. WikiVet Article: Ovarian neoplasia Incorrect. Adenocarcinoma is not of germ cell origin. The correct answer is teratoma is of germ cell origin. WikiVet Article: Ovarian neoplasia

3

What is/are the aetiological factor(s) involved with the canine pyometra complex? Cystic endometrial hyperplasia complicated by bacterial infection A post partum bacterial infection of the uterus Persistent corpus luteum complicated by a bacterial infection Cystic endometrial hyperplasia Cystic endometrial hyperplasia complicated by a closed cervix Please select an option Correct! Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is seen in metoestrus in the dog. Periods of oestrogen stimulation of the uterus followed by progesterone dominance results in endometrial proliferation, uterine glandular secretions and decreased myometrial contractions. This makes the uterus more susceptible to infection, and infection with bacteria such as E-coli leads to a pyometra. Bitches with pyometra may present either with a vaginal discharge present (open-cervix pyometra) or without a vaginal discharge (closed-cervix pyometra).In the bitch it tends to occur in older animals, usually

4

In which species is uterine leiomyoma most common? Horse Sheep Cow Dog Cat Please select an option Incorrect. Uterine leiomyoma is not common in the horse. The correct answer is uterine leiomyoma is most common in the bitch. It may consist of multiple, firm, white nodules and it may also affect the cervix and vagina. WikiVet Article: Uterine neoplasia Incorrect. Uterine leiomyoma is not common in the sheep. The correct answer is uterine leiomyoma is most common in the bitch. It may consist of multiple, firm, white nodules an it may also affect the cervix and vagina. WikiVet Article: Uterine neoplasia Incorrect. Uterine leiomyoma is not common in the cow, although uterine carcinoma is a relatively common incidental finding at slaughter, and secondary lymphosacrcoma of the uterus is also seen in the cow. The correct answer is uterine leiomyoma is most common in the bitch. It may consist of multiple, firm, white nodules and it may also affect the cervix and vagina. WikiVet Article: Uterine neoplasia Correct! Uterine leiomyoma is most common in the bitch. It may consist of multiple, firm, white nodules and it may also affect the cervix and vagina. WikiVet Article: Uterine neoplasia Incorrect. Uterine leiomyoma is not common in the cat. The correct answer is uterine leiomyoma is most common in the bitch. It may consist of multiple, firm, white nodules and it may also affect the cervix and vagina. WikiVet Article: Uterine neoplasia

5

Which of the following may predispose to uterine torsion? Hypocalcaemia Iatrogenic causes Parturition Prolonged dystocia Uterine instability Please select an option Incorrect. It is prolapse that tends to occur secondary to hypocalcaemia not torsion. The correct answer is that uterine instability may predispose to uterine torsion; especially in cattle where the fetus occupies one uterine horn.A sudden movement or fall may initiate the torsion.The sequelae to torsion are congestion, oedema, foetal death, uterine rupture and shock. WikiVet Article: Uterine torsion Incorrect. Iatrogenic causes, eg giving oxytocin in a case of dystocia may result in a rupture of the uterus rather than a torsion. The correct answer is that uterine instability may predispose to uterine torsion; especially in cattle where the fetus occupies one uterine horn.A sudden movement or fall may initiate the torsion. The sequelae to torsion are congestion, oedema, foetal death, uterine rupture and shock. WikiVet Article: Uterine torsion Incorrect. Parturition tends to predispose a prolapse of the uterus. The correct answer is that uterine instability may predispose to uterine torsion; especially in cattle where the fetus occupies one uterine horn.A sudden movement or fall may initiate the torsion.The sequelae to torsion are congestion, oedema, foetal death, uterine rupture and shock. WikiVet Article: Uterine torsion Incorrect. Prolonged dystocia may predispose to rupture of the uterus rather than torsion. The correct answer is that uterine instability may predispose to uterine torsion; especially in cattle where the fetus occupies one uterine horn.A sudden movement or fall may initiate the torsion. The sequelae to torsion are congestion, oedema, foetal death, uterine rupture and shock. WikiVet Article: Uterine torsion Correct! Uterine instability may predispose to uterine torsion especially in cattle where the fetus occupies one uterine horn.A sudden movement or fall may initiate the torsion. The sequelae to torsion are congestion, oedema, foetal death, uterine rupture and shock. WikiVet Article: Uterine torsion

6

In which species is vaginal prolapse most common? Cow Horse Pig Sheep Dog Please select an option Incorrect. Vaginal prolapse is not commonly seen in the cow, although uterine prolapse is not uncommon post - partum. The correct answer is vaginal prolapse is common in ewes during late pregnancy. WikiVet Article: Vagina Incorrect. Vaginal prolapse is not commonly seen in the horse. The correct answer is vaginal prolapse is common in ewes during late pregnancy. WikiVet Article: Vagina Incorrect. Vaginal prolapse is not commonly seen in the pig although cases may be seen in older multiparous sows. The correct answer is vaginal prolapse is common in ewes during late pregnancy. WikiVet Article: Vagina Correct! Vaginal prolapse is common in ewes during late pregnancy. WikiVet Article: Vagina Incorrect. True vaginal prolapse is rare in bitches.Vaginal hypertrophy associated with oestrus may cause an apparent prolapsewhich usually regresses post oestrus.

8

Which if these is NOT a normal defense mechanism of the uterus? Oestrogen levels Endometrial atrophy Leucocytosis of oestrus Mucous secretions Closed cervix Please select an option Incorrect. Oestrogen levels at oestrus render the uterus unsuitable for the growth of certain organisms, this is a normal defense mechanism of the uterus. The correct answer is that endometrial atrophy due to loss of ovarian function is a pathological endometrial growth change not a defense mechanism. It occurs secondary to hypopituitarism and normally during anoestrus in mares. WikiVet Article: Uterus defense Correct! Endometrial atrophy due to loss of ovarian function is a pathological endometrial growth change not a defense mechanism. It occurs secondary to hypopituitarism and normally during anoestrus in mares. WikiVet Article: Uterus defense Incorrect. Leucocytosis of oestrus is a normal defense mechanism of the uterus. The correct answer is that endometrial atrophy due to loss of ovarian function is a pathological endometrial growth change not a defense mechanism. It occurs secondary to hypopituitarism and normally during anoestrus in mares. WikiVet Article: Uterus defense Incorrect. Mucous secretions are a normal defense mechanism of the uterus. The correct answer is that endometrial atrophy due to loss of ovarian function is a pathological endometrial growth change not a defense mechanism. It occurs secondary to hypopituitarism and normally during anoestrus in mares. WikiVet Article: Uterus defense Incorrect. A closed cervix except at oestrus and post partum is a normal defense mechanism of the uterus. The correct answer is that endometrial atrophy due to loss of ovarian function is a pathological endometrial growth change not a defense mechanism. It occurs secondary to hypopituitarism and normally during anoestrus in mares. WikiVet Article: Uterus defense

8

Which of the following is NOT a normal change seen in pregnancy? Calcified yolk sac remnants Placental mineralisation Amniotic plaques Hippomanes Maceration and emphysema Please select an option Incorrect. Calcified yolk sac remnants are a normal structure found during pregnancy. The correct answer is maceration and emphysema is not a normal feature of pregnancy. It occurs as a result of uterine infection early in pregnancy and there will be expulsion of the foetus. Endometritis or pyometra may also be present. WikiVet Article: pregnancy Incorrect. Placental mineralisation is a normal occurrence during pregnancy. It is a milky deposition of calcium during mid-pregnancy which is seen as small bony plaques in the allantochorion. The correct answer is maceration and emphysema is not a normal feature of pregnancy. It occurs as a result of uterine infection early in pregnancy and there will be expulsion of the foetus. Endometritis or pyometra may also be present. WikiVet Article: pregnancy Incorrect. Amniotic plaques are a normal structure found during pregnancy, they are 2-4 mm plaques of squamous epithelium. The correct answer is maceration and emphysema is not a normal feature of pregnancy. It occurs as a result of uterine infection early in pregnancy and there will be expulsion of the foetus. Endometritis or pyometra may also be present. WikiVet Article: pregnancy Incorrect. Hippomanes are a normal structure found during pregnancy in the mare. Their source and function is unclear but they could be remnants of allantochorion or accumulation of foetal waste. The correct answer is maceration and emphysema is not a normal feature of pregnancy. It occurs as a result of uterine infection early in pregnancy and there will be expulsion of the foetus. Endometritis or pyometra may also be present. WikiVet Article: pregnancy Correct! Maceration and emphysema is not a normal feature of pregnancy. It occurs as a result of uterine infection early in pregnancy and there will be expulsion of the foetus. Endometritis or pyometra may also be present.WikiVet Article: pregnancy