Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Abnormal wear of [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] in herbivores may result from '''irregular grinding of molars''' as well as from periodontal disease. This is especially a problem in horses but occurs in any animal with continuously-growing teeth.

Abnormal wear of [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] in herbivores may result from '''irregular grinding of molars''' as well as from [[Periodontal Disease|periodontal disease]]. This is especially a problem in horses but occurs in any animal with continuously-growing teeth.

 

In horses, some common stereotypical behaviours such as '''crib biting''' or wind sucking may also have an impact on tooth wear.  

==Pathophysiology==

==Pathophysiology==

[[Dental Malocclusion|'''Malocclusion of teeth''']] may also occur as a result of malformations of the jaws.  

[[Dental Malocclusion|'''Malocclusion of teeth''']] may also occur as a result of malformations of the jaws.  

Mandibular brachygnathism ('''parrot mouth''') horses tend to have hooks at the front of the first upper cheek teeth and at the back of the last lower cheek teeth.

Mandibular brachygnathism ('''parrot mouth'''): horses tend to have hooks at the front of the first upper cheek teeth and at the back of the last lower cheek teeth.

 

The opposite occurs in horses with mandibular prognathism ('''sow mouth''').

The opposite occurs in horses with mandibular prognathism (sow mouth).

'''Vices''' such as crib biting will lead to characteristic abnormal wear patterns such as increased wear of the '''upper front incisors''' due to the horse biting down on the stable door or other objects.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Treatment of wear disorders and overgrowths in horses generally involves '''rasping or floating of the teeth''' by hand or using motorised equipment. '''Molar cutters or burrs''' may also be used for larger hooks.

Treatment of wear disorders and overgrowths in horses generally involves '''rasping or floating of the teeth''' by hand or using motorised equipment. '''Molar cutters or burrs''' may also be used for larger hooks.

Floating or sharp points using hand rasps follows several rules:

Floating of sharp points using hand rasps follows several rules:

:the blades of the rasps should be in '''solid tungsten carbide''' as these can be re-sharpened and can last a long time

:the blades of the rasps should be in '''solid tungsten carbide''' as these can be re-sharpened and can last a long time

:'''different handles''' with different angulations are needed to reach all parts of the mouth. For the maxillary teeth, open-angled tools are used at the front of the mouth, straight rasps in the middle and closed-angled tools at the back. For the mandibular teeth, straight rasps should be used for the front and then upward-curving rasps for the back.

:'''different handles''' with different angulations are needed to reach all parts of the mouth. For the maxillary teeth, open-angled tools are used at the front of the mouth, straight rasps in the middle and closed-angled tools at the back. For the mandibular teeth, straight rasps should be used for the front and then upward-curving rasps for the back.

:'''pulp exposure''' should be avoided by regularly checking the aspect of the tooth which is being burred.

:'''pulp exposure''' should be avoided by regularly checking the aspect of the tooth which is being burred.

:teeth occlusal angle should be restored to '''10-15°'''

:teeth occlusal angle should be restored to '''10-15°'''

==Rabbits==

==Rabbits==

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Veterinary Dentistry Q&A 19]]

|flashcards = [[Veterinary Dentistry Q&A 14]]

[[Veterinary Dentistry Q&A 19]]

}}

}}

=References==

==References==

Pascoe, R. (2009) '''Equine Dentistry''' ''RVC Student Notes''

Pascoe, R. (2009) '''Equine Dentistry''' ''RVC Student Notes''

Lewis, L. D. (1995) '''Equine Clinical Nutrition: Feeding and Care''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

Lewis, L. D. (1995) '''Equine Clinical Nutrition: Feeding and Care''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

[[Category:Teeth_-_Pathology]]

[[Category:Teeth_-_Pathology]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]]

[[Category:Dental Diseases - Horse]]

[[Category:Oral Diseases - Horse]]

[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]