Changes

Also Known As: '''''AGD — Amoebiasis — Amoebic Gill Infection — Amoebosis — Paramoebiasis'''''

Also Known As: '''''AGD — Amoebiasis — Amoebic Gill Infection — Amoebosis — Paramoebiasis'''''

Caused By: '''''Neoparamoeba pemaguidensis'''''

Caused By: '''''Neoparamoeba pemaguidensis — Neoparamoeba perurans'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Amoebic gill disease is caused by '''''Neoparamoeba pemaguidensis''''', the '''most important pathogenic amoeba in fish'''. The disease causes large economic losses in '''marine cultured salmonids'''.<ref> Munday, B. L., Zilberg, D., Findlay, V (2001) '''Gill disease of marine fish caused by infection with ''Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis'''''. ''J Fish Diseases'', 24(9):497-507</ref> It can also affect turbots.  

Amoebic gill disease is caused by '''''Neoparamoeba perurans''''', the '''most important pathogenic amoeba in fish'''. The disease causes large economic losses in '''marine cultured salmonids'''.<ref> Munday, B. L., Zilberg, D., Findlay, V (2001) '''Gill disease of marine fish caused by infection with ''Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis'''''. ''J Fish Diseases'', 24(9):497-507</ref> <ref name="Young">Young, N.D. Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F., and Morrison R.N. (2007) '''''Neoparamoebae perurans'' n.sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).''' ''International Journal of Parasitology'' 37, 1469-1481.</ref> It can also affect turbots.

 

Neoparamoeba perurans, a newly described amoeba is also known to colonize fish gills which results in amoebic gill disease in salmonids <ref name="Young">Young, N.D. Crosbie, P.B.B., Adams, M.B., Nowak, B.F., and Morrison R.N. (2007) '''''Neoparamoebae perurans'' n.sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).''' ''International Journal of Parasitology'' 37, 1469-1481.</ref>. More careful comparative field (e.g. susceptibility of different fish species under various environmental conditions) and laboratory studies (e.g. biochemical, molecular) using cloned isolates of the two species are required to more clearly determine the etiological agent(s) of AGD.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

The amoeba will also readily colonise severe injuries such as jellyfish stings, clubbed lamellae and necrotic gill syndrome lesions.

The amoeba will also readily colonise severe injuries such as jellyfish stings, clubbed lamellae and necrotic gill syndrome lesions.

Clinical AGD is always associated with '''water temperatures of 12-20⁰ and high salinities of ≥32 ppt'''. <ref> Rodger, H. D., McArdle, J. F (1996) '''An outbreak of amoebic gill disease in Ireland'''. ''Veterinary Record'', 139(14):348-349</ref> Amoeba numbers also rise in the Summer.  

Clinical AGD is always associated with '''water temperatures of 12-20⁰C and high salinities of ≥32 ppt'''. <ref> Rodger, H. D., McArdle, J. F (1996) '''An outbreak of amoebic gill disease in Ireland'''. ''Veterinary Record'', 139(14):348-349</ref> Amoeba numbers also rise in the Summer.  

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

'''Freshwater baths''' are the only proven therapy but are very stressful for the fish.

'''Freshwater baths''' are used as therapy but are very stressful for the fish. Current treatment method in Scotland and Ireland is a bath in hydrogen peroxide<ref>Mark D. Powell, Heather Mlynarski, Joy A. Becker1, James A. Mackie (2009) '''Effects of oral administration of AquaciteTM and Beta-becTM, two commercial β-glucan-based nutritional supplements in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during an outbreak of Amoebic Gill Disease.'''. ''Fiskehelse'', 11. årgang nr. 1, 26-34</ref> .  

'''Chloramine, chlorine dioxide and levamisole''' have also been used.  

'''Chloramine, chlorine dioxide and levamisole''' have also been used.

==Control==

==Control==

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Amoebic Gill Disease datasheet''', accessed 07/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Zilberg, D. and Munday, B.L. (2006). '''Phylum Amoebozoa.''' In: '''Fish Diseases and Disorders,''' Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections, 2nd edition (ed. P.T.K. Woo), ''CABI'', Wallinford, UK. pp. 1-15

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=95983&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Amoebic gill disease]

 

 

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