Arteriovenous Fistula

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Description

  • As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein. This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored. We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here.


The consequences of an arteriovenous fistula are the following:

1. Increased blood return to the right heart raises cardiac output

2. Decreased blood perfusion at the affected site

3. Venous hypertension


  • Predisposing causes of arteriovenous fistula formations are: trauma, surgery, neoplasia, etc.


Diagnosis

History & Clinical Signs

  • Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed.

-Subcutaneous edema

-Warm Swelling

-Inflammation

-Pain +/-

-Palpable vibration (thrill) over fistula

-Increased pulse & heart rate

-Audible continuous murmur over the fistula site

-Branham sign (decreased heart rate with surgical occlusion of blood flow to fistula)


Angiography

-Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein


Ultrasonography

-Abnormal flow visualized


Treatment

-Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area

-(+/-) Amputation


Prognosis

-Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula

-Poor if surgical ligation is unsuccessful at stopping blood flow through the fistula