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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
| + | == Introduction == |
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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive_System#Exotics|'''BACK TO EXOTICS''']]</center></big>
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− | <big><center>[[Exotics_-_Avian_Reproductive_Anatomy_and_Physiology_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''BACK TO AVIAN REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
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− | <big><center>[[Exotics_-_Reproduction_in_the_Male_Avian_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''BACK TO MALE AVIAN REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
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− | = Introduction = | |
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| Paired reproductive tracts lie along the dorsal body wall. Each tract consists of a testis, a rudimentary epididymis and a highly convoluted deferent duct running alongside the ureter. The testes are connected to the body wall by a mesochorium. This peritoneal fold serves as an attachment for the testes and also a conduit for nerves and blood vessels. | | Paired reproductive tracts lie along the dorsal body wall. Each tract consists of a testis, a rudimentary epididymis and a highly convoluted deferent duct running alongside the ureter. The testes are connected to the body wall by a mesochorium. This peritoneal fold serves as an attachment for the testes and also a conduit for nerves and blood vessels. |
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| + | == Testes == |
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− | = Testes =
| + | [[Image:Chicken male dissection.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dissection of the Male Avian Reproductive Tract- Courtesy of Andrew Crook, Copyright RVC 2008]] |
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| * Bean-shaped, paired | | * Bean-shaped, paired |
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| * Left tends to be larger than right in immature birds. | | * Left tends to be larger than right in immature birds. |
− | * Dimentions increase rapidly with sexual activity. | + | * Dimensions increase rapidly with sexual activity. |
| * In the non-breeding season, testes shrink to almost nothing and become hard to visualize. | | * In the non-breeding season, testes shrink to almost nothing and become hard to visualize. |
| * Dormant testes light brown/yellow in colour, turn white when sexually active. | | * Dormant testes light brown/yellow in colour, turn white when sexually active. |
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| *** Birds that do not have the receptacle structure have little sperm storage capacity. | | *** Birds that do not have the receptacle structure have little sperm storage capacity. |
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| + | == Phallus == |
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− | = Phallus = | |
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| * Most birds lack a true phallus. | | * Most birds lack a true phallus. |
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− | == Absence of Phallus == | + | === Absence of Phallus === |
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| * Psittacines, Passerines, Pidgeons and birds of prey all have no phallus. | | * Psittacines, Passerines, Pidgeons and birds of prey all have no phallus. |
− | * Copulate by transferring semen from the everted [[The_Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]] directly into the female [[Exotics_-_Anatomy_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Oviduct|oviduct]]. | + | * Copulate by transferring semen from the everted [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|Cloaca]] directly into the female [[Avian Female Reproductive System#Oviduct|oviduct]]. |
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| + | === Non-Protrusible Phallus === |
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− | == Non-Protrusible Phallus == | |
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| * Rudimentary non-protrusible phallus is seen in male Turkeys and Chickens. | | * Rudimentary non-protrusible phallus is seen in male Turkeys and Chickens. |
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| * Consists of a small medial tubercle intimately associated on each side with lymphatic folds and vessels. | | * Consists of a small medial tubercle intimately associated on each side with lymphatic folds and vessels. |
| * When erect with lymph, the phallus develops a median groove. | | * When erect with lymph, the phallus develops a median groove. |
− | ** Median groove permits passage of ejaculate down into the everted female [[Exotics_-_Anatomy_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Oviduct|oviduct]]. | + | ** Median groove permits passage of ejaculate down into the everted female [[Avian Female Reproductive System#Oviduct|oviduct]]. |
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− | == Protrusible Phallus == | + | === Protrusible Phallus === |
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| * Ratites and Anseriformes | | * Ratites and Anseriformes |
− | * Elongated, capable of true intromission into the female cloaca. | + | * Elongated, capable of true intromission into the female [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|cloaca]]. |
− | * Distal end lies enclosed in a cavity on the floor of the cloaca and becomes engorged with lymphatic fluid. | + | * Distal end lies enclosed in a cavity on the floor of the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|cloaca]] and becomes engorged with lymphatic fluid. |
| ** Anseriformes have a curved, fibrous phallus that conveys semen via a spiral groove. | | ** Anseriformes have a curved, fibrous phallus that conveys semen via a spiral groove. |
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− | = Accessory Sex Organs = | + | == Accessory Sex Organs == |
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− | The male avian has no [[Male_Reproductive_Tract_-Accessory_Sex_Glands_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|accessory sex glands]] that are seen in mammals. Instead, they have accessory reproductive organs: | + | The male avian has no [[Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|accessory sex glands]] that are seen in mammals. Instead, they have accessory reproductive organs: |
| * Paracloacal Vascular Bodies | | * Paracloacal Vascular Bodies |
| * Dorsal Procotodeal Gland | | * Dorsal Procotodeal Gland |
| * Lymphatic Folds | | * Lymphatic Folds |
− | These are either in proximity to, or are an integral part of the cloaca. | + | These are either in proximity to, or are an integral part of the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|cloaca]]. |
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− | == Paracloacal Vascular Bodies == | + | === Paracloacal Vascular Bodies === |
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| * Found alongside the receptacle of the vas deferens. | | * Found alongside the receptacle of the vas deferens. |
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| * Release a lymph-like transparent transudate when engorged. | | * Release a lymph-like transparent transudate when engorged. |
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− | == Dorsal Procotodeal Gland == | + | === Dorsal Procotodeal Gland === |
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− | * Found on the dorsal proctodeum. | + | * Found on the dorsal [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|proctodeum]]. |
| * Develop to varying degrees. | | * Develop to varying degrees. |
− | * Undergo '''hypertrophy''' in response to '''steroid sex hormones'''. | + | * Undergo [[Cell Growth Disorders#Hypertrophy|hypertrophy]] in response to '''steroid sex hormones'''. |
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− | == Lymphatic Folds == | + | === Lymphatic Folds === |
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− | * Found within the wall of the procotodeum. | + | * Found within the wall of the [[Avian_Vent_and_Cloaca_- Anatomy & Physiology#The_Cloaca|procotodeum]]. |
| * Contribute to the lymphatic erection of the either cloacal or phallic tissue. | | * Contribute to the lymphatic erection of the either cloacal or phallic tissue. |
| * Release a lymph-like transparent transudate when engorged. | | * Release a lymph-like transparent transudate when engorged. |
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| + | [[Category:Avian Reproduction]] |
| + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |