Changes

==The Cloaca==

==The Cloaca==

The '''[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|Colon]]''', '''[[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology|ureters]]''' and '''deferent ducts'''/'''left [[Avian Female Reproductive System & Egg Formation#Oviduct|oviduct]]''' enter at various levels. It can be divided into the '''coprodeum''', '''urodeum''' and '''proctodeum''' by complete annular folds. Some urinary excretions arriving in the cloaca become incorporated with the ingesta and move in a retrograde fashion to the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caeca]], increasing the absorption of water and electrolytes from the urinary waste.

The '''[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|Colon]]''', '''[[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology|ureters]]''' and '''deferent ducts'''/'''left [[Avian Female Reproductive System#Oviduct|oviduct]]''' enter at various levels. It can be divided into the '''coprodeum''', '''urodeum''' and '''proctodeum''' by complete annular folds. Some urinary excretions arriving in the cloaca become incorporated with the ingesta and move in a retrograde fashion to the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caeca]], increasing the absorption of water and electrolytes from the urinary waste.

The '''coprodeum''' is the most cranial division of the cloaca. It is the continuation of the colon where faeces are stored. It is bounded by the '''coprourodeal fold'''. It can be stretched by the faecal pressure so the central opening is everted through the vent.

The '''coprodeum''' is the most cranial division of the cloaca. It is the continuation of the colon where faeces are stored. It is bounded by the '''coprourodeal fold'''. It can be stretched by the faecal pressure so the central opening is everted through the vent.

The '''urodeum''' is the middle part of the cloaca. It is caudal to the '''proctodeum fold'''. It is the uteric opening in  the dorsolateral wall above the papilla of the deferent duct/[[Avian Female Reproductive System & Egg Formation#Oviduct|oviduct]] opening.

The '''urodeum''' is the middle part of the cloaca. It is caudal to the '''proctodeum fold'''. It is the uteric opening in  the dorsolateral wall above the papilla of the deferent duct/[[Avian Female Reproductive System#Oviduct|oviduct]] opening.

[[Image:Bursa of Fabricus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bursa of Fabricus - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Bursa of Fabricus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bursa of Fabricus - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

==Species Differences==

==Species Differences==

'''Galliformes''' (turkeys and chickens) can move urates from the urinary tract into the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]] and [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caeca]] where ammonia is released for protein synthesis. A small membrane covers the opening of the [[Avian Female Reproductive System & Egg Formation#Oviduct|oviduct]] into the cloaca in '''ducks''', '''geese''' and '''swans''' until sexual maturity.

'''Galliformes''' (turkeys and chickens) can move urates from the urinary tract into the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]] and [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caeca]] where ammonia is released for protein synthesis. A small membrane covers the opening of the [[Avian Female Reproductive System #Oviduct|oviduct]] into the cloaca in '''ducks''', '''geese''' and '''swans''' until sexual maturity.

==Links==

==Links==