Changes

===='''''Response to stimulus'''''====

===='''''Response to stimulus'''''====

Adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla into the circulation, and noradrenaline released at nerve terminals, stimulate cardiac and vascular '''beta and alpha-receptors''', resulting in increased contractility of the heart (beta-receptors) and vasoconstriction of both the arterial and venous side of the circulation (alpha-receptors).

Adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla into the circulation, and noradrenaline released at nerve terminals, stimulates cardiac and vascular '''beta and alpha-receptors''', resulting in increased contractility of the heart (beta-receptors) and vasoconstriction of both the arterial and venous side of the circulation (alpha-receptors).

'''Beta Effects''':  

'''Beta Effects''':  

Stimulation of beta-receptors leads to stimulation of adenylate cyclase, which generates intracellular cyclic AMP. This in turn has many intracellular effects, including increasing the rate and magnitude of intracellular calcium fibres. Positive inotrope, positive chronotrope, positive luisitrope (improved relaxation); stimulates renin release from the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).

Stimulation of beta-receptors leads to stimulation of adenylate cyclase, which generates intracellular cyclic AMP. This in turn has many intracellular effects, including increasing the rate and magnitude of the contractions in intracellular calcium fibres. This has a positive inotrope, positive chronotrope, and positive luisitrope (improved relaxation) effect, and stimulates renin release from the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).

''advantages'':

''advantages'':