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Congenital and Neonatal Disease - Pathology (view source)

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==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
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===Chromosomal Defects===
 
===Chromosomal Defects===
   −
* Although malformations can be caused by chromosomal abnormalitis, these often result in early abortion or resorption.
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* Although malformations can be caused by [[:Category:Reproductive Disorders|chromosomal abnormalitis]], these often result in early abortion or resorption.
    
===Viral Diseases===
 
===Viral Diseases===
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===Drugs===
 
===Drugs===
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* Griseofulvin  
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* [[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofulvin|Griseofulvin]]
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** Used to treat "ringworm" (dermatophytosis). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' )
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** Used to treat "ringworm" ([[Dermatophytosis|dermatophytosis]]). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' )
 
** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen.  
 
** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen.  
 
* Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations.
 
* Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations.
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===Nutritional Deficiencies===
 
===Nutritional Deficiencies===
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====Copper Deficiency====
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====[[Copper Deficiency]]====
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* Copper deficiency in the pregnant ewe can result in "''swayback'''" in lambs.
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** Due to white matter degeneration in the central nervous system of prenatal and neonatal lambs.
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* The degeneration is thought to be a mixture of both hypomyelination and demyelination.
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* The central nervous system of the lambs is affected.
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** Neonatal lambs show an ataxia in the first few weeks of life.
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*** Due to demyelination of dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord.
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** More severe lesions can be present in lambs affected prenatally.
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*** Destruction of subcortical white matter in the brain.
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**** The extent of this varies. 
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* It is unknown how copper deficiency exerts this effect.
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** Supplementation in pregnancy prevents the prenatal form.
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** Supplementation in the first few weeks will alleviate the neonatal form.
      
====Vitamin Deficiencies====
 
====Vitamin Deficiencies====
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* The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity.  
 
* The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity.  
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===Bulldog Calf===
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===[[Chondrodysplasia|Bulldog Calf]]===
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* A well recognised deformation in Dexter calves.
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* Related to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Chondrodysplasia|defective cartilage matrix and abnormal ossification]].
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* The calf is born with short and crooked limbs and the facial bones are short.
     −
===Cleft Palate===
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===[[Cleft Palate]]===
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* A very common malformation in many species.
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===[[Cystic Kidney]]===
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* Due to failure of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine Bone (os palatinum)|palatine bones]] to fuse in the midline.
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* The animal:
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** Fails to suckle properly
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** Can develop an aspiration pneumonia.
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* Caused by:
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** Administration of griseofulvin to queens during pregnancy.
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** Certain viral infections.
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** Ingestion of toxic plants.
     −
===Cystic Kidney===
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===[[Spina Bifida]]===
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* Also known as polycystic kidney.
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===[[Hydrocephalus]]===
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* Can be seen in many different species.
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* Can have a hereditary basis.
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* The cysts may be single or multiple.
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* Results from the failure of development of the tubular system in nephrons.
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* Severely affected animals may die of renal failure early in life.
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** The affected kidney does not have enough functional reserve, and so small infections can have a serious effect on renal function.
     −
===Spina Bifida===
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===[[Cerebellar Hypoplasia]]===
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* A failure of closure of the vertebral arch.
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* May result in herniation of the meninges and /or spinal cord.
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** There may be a direct communication between those structures and the skin surface.
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===Hydrocephalus===
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* Not uncommon in dogsand cats.
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* Abnormal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in dilation of the ventricles of the brain.
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** Is a result of either stenosis of:
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*** The aqueduct between the 3rd and 4th ventricle, or
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*** The foramina further back in the brain stem.
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** May also be acquired as a result of compression by tumours or infectious processes.
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* Dilation of the ventricles with CSF causes pressure atrophy of the overlying brain tissue.
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* Hydrocephalus can be seen at birth.
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** Characterised by a dome shaped skull and open fontanelles.
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* Hydrocephalus may also be hidden and detected later in life.
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===Cerebellar Hypoplasia===
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* The cerebellum is smaller than normal and oftenrudimentary.
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* Microscopy shows a highly disorganised architecture.
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* The animal shows tremors and ataxia.
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* Usually associated with viral infections during gestation.
      
===Skeletal Malformations===
 
===Skeletal Malformations===
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===Skin Defects===
 
===Skin Defects===
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* E.g. Epitheliogenesis imperfecta.
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* E.g. [[Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta|Epitheliogenesis imperfecta]].
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**  There is absence of portions of the epidermis.
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*** Results in ulcers.
      
===Muscular Defects===
 
===Muscular Defects===
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** Called "shistosoma".
 
** Called "shistosoma".
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===Cardiac Defects===
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===[[:Category:Cardiovascular System - Developmental Pathology|Cardiac Defects]]===
    
* There are several possible types of cardiac defects.  
 
* There are several possible types of cardiac defects.  
 
** These include:
 
** These include:
 
*** Patency between chambers
 
*** Patency between chambers
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*** Persistent right aortic arch
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*** [[PRAA|Persistent right aortic arch]]
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*** Tetrology of Fallot.
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*** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
    
===Sexual Organ Malformation===
 
===Sexual Organ Malformation===
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** Hermaphrodites
 
** Hermaphrodites
 
** Pseudohermaphrodites
 
** Pseudohermaphrodites
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** Freemartinism in females calves.
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** [[Bovine Freemartinism|Freemartinism in females calves]].
    
===Metabolic Diseases===
 
===Metabolic Diseases===
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* These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells.  
 
* These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells.  
 
* Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System.
 
* Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System.
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 +
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[[Category:Reproductive System - Developmental Pathology]]
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