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Description
An inflammatory parasitic disease of dogs and cats caused by Demodex. The mites are host-specific and can occur in dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. There has to be increased numbers of immature mites to classify as an infestation. The mite is transmitted from dam to offspring during nursing. They live in hair follicles and infestation may lead to secondary bacterial infection and furunculosis.
Signalment
Commonly affects the dog and more rarely the cat.
Breed predilections Demodicosis is usually a disease of short haired dogs and is more common in pedigree breeds. Within dog breeds, the Staffordshire bull terrier, German Shepherd dog, Old English Sheepdog, Collies and dalmations are at risk. Additionally it has been reported that there is an increased incidence in Siamese and Burmese cats.
Age predilections Often animals less than 12 months of age of affected although adult onset is recognised.
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Demodex are normal inhabitants of hair follicles and sebaceous glands but *Demodex canis in dogs can be generalised or localised
(hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism)
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Laboratory Tests
Biopsy
Pathology
Treatment
Prognosis
References
- Squamous demodecosis
- Less serious
- Dry reaction
- Alopecia, desquamation and skin thickening
- Absent to mild pruritus
- Follicular/pustular demodecosis
- More serious
- Skin invasion by staphylococci
- Skin becomes wrinkled, thickened and contains pustules which ooze serum, blood or pus
- Affected animals may be seriously disfigured
- Severe pruritus is associated with secondary infection
- Immune factors are important in determining the severity and occurrence of demodecosis
- Familial susceptibility
- Immunosuppression
- Immunosuppressant therapy
Diagnosis
- Liquid paraffin applied to a skin fold
- Deep skin scraping
Control
- Not easily accessible to acaricides due to their deep location in the skin
- Repeat treatments needed
- Recovery may take several months
- To aid acaricide penetration, clipping a dog's coat and washing is recommended
From Pathology
- Demodex are normal inhabitants of hair follicles and sebaceous glands
- Have to have increased number of immature mites to classify as infestation
- Host-specific
- Occurs in dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and cats
- Transmits during nursing from dam to offspring
- Demodex canis in dogs:
- Generalised or localised
- Mainly young dogs affected or adults with other disease (hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism)
- Often inherited in pure bred
- Grossly:
- Localised: scaly, erythematous, macular, alopecic areas; usually face or front legs
- Generalised: large, coalescing lesions, patches, erythema, alopecia, scales, crusts
- Microscopically:
- Localised: lymphoplasmacytic perifolliculitis with hyperkeratinisation, sebaceous adenitis, low pigment, intraluminal mites
- Generalised: perifolliculitis and follicular hyperkeratosis, follicular pluggingf, bacterial proliferation, bacterial neutrophilic folliculitis
- May cause folliculat rupture -> furunculosis, cellulitis, lymphadenitis and septicaemia