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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis and these include:
Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a disease alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis, which fall into various categories. Below is a comprehensive list of all causes of epistaxis.
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'''Respiratory Tract'''
:: [[Aspergillosis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
:: [[Progressive Ethmoidal Haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]]
:: [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]]
:: Rupture of rectus capitus
:: [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]
:: Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
:: Nasal/ pharyngeal trauma
:: Nasal/ pharyngeal foreign body
:: [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]]
:: [[Sinus Cysts|Sinus cyst]]
:: [[Sinusitis]]
:: Lower airway disease
:: [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].
'''Cardiac'''
:: [[Mitral insufficiency]]
:: [[Atrial Fibrillation|Atrial fibrillation]]
'''Skeletal'''
::Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.
== Clinical Signs ==
== Clinical Signs ==
Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.
Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.
== Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==
Need to find the underlying cause, by varoius methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteritics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.
Need to find the underlying cause, by various methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteristics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.
== Treatment and Control ==
== Treatment and Control ==
To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.
To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.
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