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===Limbic System===

===Limbic System===

The Limbic system is made up of parts of the brain bordering the '''corpus collosum'''. The Limbic system contains areas of '''cerebral cortex''', the '''cingulate gyrus''' (dorsally), the '''parahippocampus gyrus''' (ventrally), the '''amygdala''', parts of the '''[[Hypothalamus - Anatomy & Physiology|Hypothalamus Anatomy and Physiology]]''' (mamillary body) and the '''hippocampus'''. The limbic system is principally responsible for emotions and the various types of emotion can affect the activity of the '''[[Autonomic_Nervous_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Autonomic Nervous System]]''', facilitated by the [[Hypothalamus - Anatomy & Physiology|hypothalamus]].

The Limbic system is made up of parts of the brain bordering the '''corpus collosum'''. The Limbic system contains areas of '''cerebral cortex''', the '''cingulate gyrus''' (dorsally), the '''parahippocampus gyrus''' (ventrally), the '''amygdala''', parts of the '''[[Hypothalamus - Anatomy & Physiology|Hypothalamus Anatomy and Physiology]]''' (mamillary body) and the '''hippocampus'''. The limbic system is principally responsible for emotions and the various types of emotion can affect the activity of the '''[[Autonomic_Nervous_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Autonomic Nervous System]]''', facilitated by the [[Hypothalamus - Anatomy & Physiology|hypothalamus]].

===Olfactory Bulb===

===Olfactory Bulb===

The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The [[Equine Cranial Nerves - Horse Anatomy|olfactory nerves]] are connected directly to the limbic system. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimulating sexual behaviour.

The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The [[Equine Cranial Nerves - Horse Anatomy|olfactory nerves]] are connected directly to the limbic system. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimulating sexual behaviour.

==Midbrain==

==Midbrain==

The substantia nigra is a prominent area of the mid brain and is identifiable on cross sections by its darker pigmentation. This pigmentation is due to the gradual accumulation of pigmentation of neurons and is associated with basal nuclei within the tissue. The '''substantia nigra''' nuclei are involved in the '''control of voluntary movement'''.

The substantia nigra is a prominent area of the mid brain and is identifiable on cross sections by its darker pigmentation. This pigmentation is due to the gradual accumulation of pigmentation of neurons and is associated with basal nuclei within the tissue. The '''substantia nigra''' nuclei are involved in the '''control of voluntary movement'''.

===Crura Cerebri===

===Crura Cerebri===

These are visible on the ventral surface of the mid brain and consist of fibre tracts that are in passage between the telencephalon and the brainstem. The [[Equine Cranial Nerves - Horse Anatomy#Oculomotor Nerve (III)|oculomotor nerves (see above) also emerge in this region of the mid brain, directly rostral to the pons.

These are visible on the ventral surface of the mid brain and consist of fibre tracts that are in passage between the telencephalon and the brainstem. The [[Equine Cranial Nerves - Horse Anatomy#Oculomotor Nerve (III)|oculomotor nerves]] (see above) also emerge in this region of the mid brain, directly rostral to the pons.

==Hindbrain==

==Hindbrain==

[[File:Brain sagittal section stem highlighted.svg|thumb|right|300px|Brain sagittal section stem highlighted]]

[[File:Brain sagittal section stem highlighted.svg|thumb|right|300px|Brain sagittal section stem highlighted]]

The hind brain is also called the '''[[CNS Development - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Brain|rhombencephalon]]''', it provides the connection between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. The hindbrain contains many vital structures including the '''Medulla Oblongata''', the '''Pons''' (the link between the cerebellum, forebrain and mid-brain) and the majority of the [[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|'''cranial nerves''']] III to XII. In general the brain stem governs essential functions that are carried out sub-consciously via reflexes.  As well as containing numerous cranial nerves, the hind brain also contains many ''''extra-pyramidal pathways'''' which include the '''reticular formation''', the '''olivary nucleus''' and the '''pontine nuclei'''. Nuclei within the hindbrain are also responsible for the '''reflexive control of posture and eye movement'''.

The hind brain is also called the '''[[CNS Development - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Brain|rhombencephalon]]''', it provides the connection between the [[Equine Spinal Cord - Horse Anatomy|spinal cord]] and the rest of the brain. The hindbrain contains many vital structures including the '''Medulla Oblongata''', the '''Pons''' (the link between the cerebellum, forebrain and mid-brain) and the majority of the [[Equine Cranial Nerves - Horse Anatomy|'''cranial nerves''']] III to XII. In general the brainstem governs essential functions that are carried out sub-consciously via reflexes.  As well as containing numerous [[Equine Cranial Nerves - Horse Anatomy|cranial nerves]] , the hindbrain also contains many ''''extra-pyramidal pathways'''' which include the '''reticular formation''', the '''olivary nucleus''' and the '''pontine nuclei'''. Nuclei within the hindbrain are also responsible for the '''reflexive control of posture and eye movement'''.

The '''reticular formation''' is a diffuse interconnection of neurons running throughout the brainstem receiving  both sensory and motor nerve tracts. This information is then passed on to higher centres in the brain such as the [[cerebrum]]. One important aspect of the reticular formation is that in order to transition from sleep to consciousness, the reticular formation is required to activate the cerebral cortex (ascending reticular activating system). It also contains '''cerebellar pathways''' and peduncles facilitating a connection from the brain stem to the cerebellum. There are also a number of ''''pyramidal pathways'''' and afferent pathways including the '''cuneate''' and '''gracile''' pathways.

The '''reticular formation''' is a diffuse interconnection of neurons running throughout the brainstem receiving  both sensory and motor nerve tracts. This information is then passed on to higher centres in the brain such as the [[cerebrum]]. One important aspect of the reticular formation is that in order to transition from sleep to consciousness, the reticular formation is required to activate the cerebral cortex (ascending reticular activating system). It also contains '''cerebellar pathways''' and peduncles facilitating a connection from the brain stem to the cerebellum. There are also a number of ''''pyramidal pathways'''' and afferent pathways including the '''cuneate''' and '''gracile''' pathways.

The generalised function of the cerebellum is to receive information regarding any '''movement''' in progress or any intended movement via inputs from the muscles, vestibular system and motor centres of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. The most important function of the cerebellum is to minimise the difference between the intended and the actual movements. The cerebellum then projects corrections regarding these movements to all motor centres of the brain via feedback circuits between the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. It should be noted that the cerebellum '''cannot initiate movement'''.

The generalised function of the cerebellum is to receive information regarding any '''movement''' in progress or any intended movement via inputs from the muscles, vestibular system and motor centres of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. The most important function of the cerebellum is to minimise the difference between the intended and the actual movements. The cerebellum then projects corrections regarding these movements to all motor centres of the brain via feedback circuits between the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. It should be noted that the cerebellum '''cannot initiate movement'''.

==References==

==References==

{{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}

{{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}