Erysipelas - Pig

Description

An infectious disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The disease is characterised by sudden death, septicaemia, arthritis, endocarditis, diamond shaped skin lesions, laminitis and abortion in pregnant sows. Carrier pigs act as reservoir of infection and Organisms are excreted in faeces of acutely-affected pig. Infection occurs via ingestion of contaminated food and water, or through skin abrasions.

Signalment

Affects pigs of all ages, most common in pigs kept in poor conditions and in batches of newly bought gilts. May occur in certain conditions often during hot humid weather or in particular buildings or fields.

Diagnosis

Development of the typical diamond shaped lesion on the skin is pathognomic for this disease. Erysipelas should be considered in any cases where fever and lameness occur together, or in farrowing sows who are struggling in combination with a fever. Post-mortem diagnosis may be needed for definitive diagnosis, in particular spleen, kidney, liver, spleen, heart valves,a long bone and synovial tissues should be submitted for bacterial examination. Slender Gram-positive rods can be seen on microscopy of acute lesions; filamentous forms in chronic lesions and on smears. High levels of antibiody may be found in joint fluid and so may aid diagnosis. ELISAs and PCR tests are also avilable which can be used directly on tissue or following culture.

Clinical signs

Clinical outcome depends on susceptibility of pigs and virulence of strain. Pigs are susceptible after maternal antibody waned (after 3 months) and before protective immunity acquired (3 years). Changes in diet, extremes of temperature and fatigue are thought to predispose to infection 3 forms of disease occur:

• Hyperacute
• Acute
• Chronic

Hyperacute: Sudden death, more common in younger pigs. May be found dull, collapsed or pyrexic with a scarlet tinge to the skin.

Acute: Anorexia and pyrexia are the two most common clinical signs of the acute form in young pigs. Affected animals still die but normally afte day in which time they become dyspnoic. Older pigs tend to show pyrexia, anorexia and polydypsia. Pigs show, pink/purple raised areas or extensive diamond-shaped plaques over skin within 24-48 hours of developing clinical signs. If pregnant sows are infcted at this time they may abort.

Chronic: Affected animals can completely recover, lesions may resolve within a week, or become necrotic and slough. Ear tips may also be lost. The bacteria localises in joints causing destruction of the synovial membrane lining, hyperaemia, villus formation and lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration resulting in chronic serofibrinous polyarthritis. Initially joints are hot and swollen leading to stiffness, lameness, and non-weight bearing on affected limbs. Discospondylitis can also occur. Additionally valvular lesions may develop in the heart causing chronic valvular endocarditis, vegetatic thrombosis of mitral valves and asymptomatic or congestive heart failure sometimes resulting in sudden death following stress.

Pathology

Gross hyperacute form lesions: No specific lesions but congestion of the carcass and change in skin colour.

Gross acute form lesions: Congestion of the carcass, in particular the spleen, lungs are oedematous and petechiae may be found below the kidney, peritoneum and on the heart. Lymph nodes will also be swollen and haemorrhagic.

Gross chronic form lesions: Growths on heart valves may be evident as well as changes in joint architecture. Joint capsules will be thickened in the presence of granulation tissue and in some cases erosion of articular surfaces may have progressed to ankylosis.

Histologically

Vegetative lesions on the heart valves consist of connective and granulation tissue. Synovial lesions consist of macrophages and lymphocytes. Short gram positive rods may be seen in smears made from blood in the heart.

Treatment

A 3 day course of Penicillin or tetracyclines is the treatment of choice and the response is normally rapid. Hyperimmune serum is also available however this is an expensive treatment option.

Control

Hygience is very important to control eryipelas including good sanitation and regular disinfection of pens. It is advisable to cull chronic cases which will be acting as carrier pigs infecting other animals. Additionally any pigs being treated should be isolated to reduce the spreas of disease. Live attenuated or inactivated vaccines are also available. Immunity lasts for months and is normally given to recently weaned pigs or gilts and sows prior to service.

Prognosis

Varies from sudden death to recovery depending on the virulence of the strain and age and immune status of the affected pig.

• • • Vaccination prevents septicaemic and urticarial forms but has no effect on joints
      • Probably due to dead bacteria still stimulating host immune system
  • Septicaemia lo9calises in meninges and joints
  • Well known in piglets in their first two months of life
  • Expresses as acute fibrinopurulent arthritis

References

Taylor D.J. (2006) Pig Diseases. 8th edition published by the author.