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Erysipelas is of economic importance in turkey farming as it not only causes death in the flock, but causes infertility in the male.
Erysipelas is of economic importance in turkey farming as it not only causes death in the flock, but causes infertility in the male.
In humans that work with poultry, the disease is of public health significance due to its zoonotic affect. A predisposing cut can cause infection by the organism, resulting in localised infeciton or septicamia and death in people.
In humans that work with poultry, the disease is of '''public health significance '''due to its zoonotic affect. A predisposing cut can cause infection by the organism, resulting in localised infeciton or septicamia and death in people.
The organism is thought to be transmitted by contaminted material, as the source of the infection, entering the bird via breaks in the mucous membrane or skin. Fish or fishmeal has been cited as the most likely causes of infection for turkeys. The bacteria can also be transmitted in the semen of the male turkey (tom). Research into vectors of the disease has shown that the poulty red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) can act as a resrvoir for the bacteria.
The organism is thought to be transmitted by contaminted material, as the source of the infection, entering the bird via breaks in the mucous membrane or skin. Fish or fishmeal has been cited as the most likely causes of infection for turkeys. The bacteria can also be transmitted in the semen of the male turkey (tom). Research into vectors of the disease has shown that the poulty red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) can act as a resrvoir for the bacteria.
*Sudden outbreak
*Sudden outbreak
*Affects birds of all ages
*Affects birds of all ages
*Predominant losses in males
*Predominant losses in males
*Sudden loss in hens that have history of Artificial Insemination (A.I.) 4- 5 days previously
*Sudden loss in hens that have history of Artificial Insemination (A.I.) 4- 5 days previously
*Sudden death without clinical signs in many birds
*Sudden death without clinical signs in many birds
*Prior to death some birds may have an unsteady gait and appear weak
*Prior to death some birds may have an unsteady gait and appear weak
'''Gross'''
'''Gross'''
*Enlarged friable liver, [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and kidney
*'''Enlarged friable liver,''' [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and '''kidney'''
*Lesions concurrent with septicaemia and congestion
*Lesions concurrent with'''septicaemia '''and congestion
*Petechial haemorrhage in abdominal fat
*Petechial haemorrhage in abdominal fat
*Haemorrhage in heart muscle
*Haemorrhage in heart muscle
*Necrosis of parenchymal cells in the liver, spleen and kidney
*Necrosis of parenchymal cells in the liver, spleen and kidney
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== Diagnosis ==
*Presumptive diagnosis based on history, clinical signs and post mortem
*Rapid presumptive diagnosis by gram-stained smears of liver, spleen and kidney and bone marrow will enable immediate treatment
*Culture of the organism from dead birds is effective, but will not produce quick enough results for treatment of the flock
*Presumptive diagnosis based on history, clinical signs and post mortem
== Prevention/ Management ==
*Rapid presumptive diagnosis by gram-stained smears of liver, spleen and kidney and bone marrow will enable immediate treatment
*Culture of the organism from dead birds is effective, but will not produce quick enough results for treatment of the flock
*Rotate turkeys from contaminated areas
*Disinfect equipment with 1-2% Sodium hydroxide (this has been proven to be effective against E.rhusiopathiae)
*Ensure prompt removal of dead birds
*Decrease stress in the flock by ensuring good husbandry at all times
*'''Vaccination<br>'''- inactivated E. rhusiopathiae bacterin<br>
== Treatment ==
Prevention is better than treatment but if an outbreak occurs antibiotics are necessary
*Rapid-acting form of penicillin is thought to be most effeciant, either a one-off I.M. injection or in drinking water for 4-5 days
*Erysipelas bacterin (vaccine)
== <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==
== <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ==
[[Category:Alimentary_Diseases_-_Birds]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal_Diseases_-_Birds]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Kate]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Birds]]
[[Category:Alimentary_Diseases_-_Birds]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal_Diseases_-_Birds]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Kate]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Birds]]