Difference between revisions of "Ethylene Glycol Toxicity"
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Severity of clinicals signs is inversely proportional to amount ingested. Time post-ingestion is also important.<ref name="multiples">http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/210900.htm, accessed on 31.10.2010 </ref>. | Severity of clinicals signs is inversely proportional to amount ingested. Time post-ingestion is also important.<ref name="multiples">http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/210900.htm, accessed on 31.10.2010 </ref>. | ||
*'''Dogs:''' Ataxia, mild to severe increasing depression and other neurological signs, tachycardia, tachypnoea, polydypsia, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, emesis, miosis, hypothermia | *'''Dogs:''' Ataxia, mild to severe increasing depression and other neurological signs, tachycardia, tachypnoea, polydypsia, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, emesis, miosis, hypothermia | ||
| − | **if untreated coma and death, or if lesser amount ingested oliguric renal failure within 2 to 7 days after ingestion .<ref name="multiples">http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/210900.htm, accessed on 31.10.2010 </ref>, <ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care'''(Second Edition 2007)</ref>. | + | **if untreated coma and death, or if lesser amount ingested oliguric acute renal failure within 2 to 7 days after ingestion .<ref name="multiples">http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/210900.htm, accessed on 31.10.2010 </ref>, <ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care'''(Second Edition 2007)</ref>. |
| − | ***if untreated anuric renal failure | + | ***if untreated anuric acute renal failure |
*'''Cats:''' Ataxia, pronounced depression and other neurological signs, tachycardia, tachypnoea, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, emesis, miosis <ref name="multiple">'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition),''Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins </ref>, | *'''Cats:''' Ataxia, pronounced depression and other neurological signs, tachycardia, tachypnoea, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, emesis, miosis <ref name="multiple">'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline''' (Second Edition),''Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins </ref>, | ||
<ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''',Second Edition 2007,Chapter 19</ref>. | <ref name="multiple">'''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''',Second Edition 2007,Chapter 19</ref>. | ||
| − | **coma and death if untreated, or if lesser amount ingested oliguric renal failure within 1 day after ingestion | + | **coma and death if untreated, or if lesser amount ingested oliguric acute renal failure within 1 day after ingestion |
| − | ***if untreated anuric renal failure | + | ***if untreated anuric acute renal failure |
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
*Metabolic Acidosis, increased serum osmolality, increased anion gap, decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration, decreased PCO2, decrease blood pH | *Metabolic Acidosis, increased serum osmolality, increased anion gap, decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration, decreased PCO2, decrease blood pH | ||
*increased urea and creatinine, hyperkalaemia, | *increased urea and creatinine, hyperkalaemia, | ||
| + | *Hyperphosphataemia due to acute renal failure <ref name="multiples"> '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''', (Seventh Edition), ''Ettinger and Feldman''; p1747 </ref>. | ||
| + | **Hypocalcaemia as a consequence of this<ref name="multiples"> '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''', (Seventh Edition), ''Ettinger and Feldman''; p1747 </ref>. | ||
| + | |||
===Ultrasonography=== | ===Ultrasonography=== | ||
| − | * | + | *Renal accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals results in hyperechogenicity upon ultrasound examination <ref name=''multiples''>'''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''', (Seventh Edition), ''Ettinger and Feldman''; p1968 </ref>. |
| − | ===Biopsy | + | ===Biopsy=== |
*Needle or surgical wedge biopsy of kidney <ref name=''multiples''>'''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''', (Seventh Edition), ''Ettinger and Feldman''; p1968 </ref>. | *Needle or surgical wedge biopsy of kidney <ref name=''multiples''>'''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''', (Seventh Edition), ''Ettinger and Feldman''; p1968 </ref>. | ||
===Pathology=== | ===Pathology=== | ||
| + | *Tetany results from the binding of Ethylene Glycol meatabolites to calcium ions present in serum <ref name="multiples"> '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''', (Seventh Edition), ''Ettinger and Feldman''; p1747 </ref>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
* Ethanol | * Ethanol | ||
Revision as of 16:36, 17 November 2010
 |
This article is still under construction. |
Introduction
Ethylene Glycol is a sweet tasting fluid that is the main constituent of anti-freeze products.[1]. Consequently in northern hemishpere ethylene glycol toxicity is frequently encountered in practice. It has a relatively low minimum lethal dose, and its sweet, palatable taste makes it attractive to dogs, cats and other small animals. [1], [2],[3]
Signalment
- Dogs: all ages, both sexes, following intoxication lower incidence of fatalities in dogs compared to cats [1]
- Cats: all ages, both sexes
- Birds
- Other including pigs and cattle [1]
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs
Severity of clinicals signs is inversely proportional to amount ingested. Time post-ingestion is also important.[3].
- Dogs: Ataxia, mild to severe increasing depression and other neurological signs, tachycardia, tachypnoea, polydypsia, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, emesis, miosis, hypothermia
- Cats: Ataxia, pronounced depression and other neurological signs, tachycardia, tachypnoea, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, emesis, miosis [1],
[1].
- coma and death if untreated, or if lesser amount ingested oliguric acute renal failure within 1 day after ingestion
- if untreated anuric acute renal failure
- coma and death if untreated, or if lesser amount ingested oliguric acute renal failure within 1 day after ingestion
Laboratory Tests
- Metabolic Acidosis, increased serum osmolality, increased anion gap, decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration, decreased PCO2, decrease blood pH
- increased urea and creatinine, hyperkalaemia,
- Hyperphosphataemia due to acute renal failure [3].
- Hypocalcaemia as a consequence of this[3].
Ultrasonography
- Renal accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals results in hyperechogenicity upon ultrasound examination [4].
Biopsy
- Needle or surgical wedge biopsy of kidney [5].
Pathology
- Tetany results from the binding of Ethylene Glycol meatabolites to calcium ions present in serum [3].
Treatment
- Ethanol
- 4-methylpyrazole
Ethylene Glycol is a weak acid. Therefore in order to increase the rate of renal clearance sodium bicarbonate can be administered to dogs. Intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate at a concentration of 1-2 mmol/kg every 3 to 6 hours achieves sufficient alkalinisation of the urine.[6]
Prognosis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline, Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiple" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Feline Medicine and Therapeutics
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/210900.htm, accessed on 31.10.2010 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "multiples" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, (Seventh Edition), Ettinger and Feldman; p1968
- ↑ Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, (Seventh Edition), Ettinger and Feldman; p1968
- ↑ Canine Medicine and Therapeutics (Fourth Edition, 1998),Blackwell Science, p1049