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*Familial predisposition
*Familial predisposition
*Copper accumulation (copper storage disease)
*Copper accumulation (copper storage disease)
**This may be a cause or consequence of chronic hepatitis. Copper is normally excreted in bile, therefore it can occur with any cholestatic hepatobiliary disorder.
*Chronic drug therapy
*Chronic drug therapy
*Infectious for examplae infectious canine hepatitis-
*Infectious for examplae infectious canine hepatitis-
===Clinical Signs===
===Clinical Signs===
These include
These include
*lethargy, weakness, anorexia and weight loss
*anorexia, lethargy and depression
*weight loss
*vomiting and diarrhoea
*vomiting and diarrhoea
*polyuria and polydipsia
*polyuria and polydipsia
*ascites
*ascites - most consistent in dogs with cirrhosis
*and rarely icterus, seizures, fever and bleeding disthesis
*and rarely icterus, seizures, fever and bleeding disthesis
===Laboratory tests===
===Laboratory tests===
====Haematology====
*Mild non-regenerative anaemia and microcytosis
====Biochemistry====
====Biochemistry====
*Increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However these may not be incrased if end-stage cirrhosis is reached.
*Increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However these may not be incrased if end-stage cirrhosis is reached.
*Hyperbilirubinaemia
*Hypoalbuminaemia
*Hypoalbuminaemia
*Decreased urea
*Hyperglobulinaemia
*Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
*Hypoglycaemia
====Further tests====
*Increased bile acids
*Increased bile acids
*Abnormal ammonia tolerance test
*Increased prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) indicates severe liver dysfunction or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
===Imaging===
===Imaging===
*Abdominal radiographs will only reveal microhepatica or ascites when advanced stages of disease is reached.
*Ultrasonographically, a normal liver or non specific changes in echogenecity may be seen in early stages of the disease. In cases of cirrhosis, microhepatica, irregularity in hepatic margin, focal lesions corresponding to regenerative nodules, hyperechogenicity of liver parenchyma associated with increased fibrous tissue and ascites may be seen.
===Histopathology===
===Histopathology===