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Leukopoiesis (view source)

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==Granulopoiesis==
 
==Granulopoiesis==
 
All granulocytes develop from the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] cells.
 
All granulocytes develop from the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] cells.
 +
 
===Summary of pathways===
 
===Summary of pathways===
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<div style="text-align: center;">
   
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="left"
 
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="left"
 
|
 
|
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!Basophil
 
!Basophil
 
!Eosinophil
 
!Eosinophil
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|rowspan="10"|<p>[[Image:LH_Developing_granulocytes_Histology.jpg|200px|Developing granulocytes]]</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
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| rowspan="10" |<p>[[Image:LH_Developing_granulocytes_Histology.jpg|200px|Developing granulocytes]]</p><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
!Stem cell
 
!Stem cell
−
|colspan="4"|CFU-GEMM
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| colspan="4" |CFU-GEMM
 
|-
 
|-
 
!CFU
 
!CFU
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|CFU-Eo
 
|CFU-Eo
 
|-
 
|-
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!Factors
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!Cytokines
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|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>Il-3</p><p>M-CSF</p>
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|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>IL-3</p><p>M-CSF</p>
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|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>Il-3</p><p>G-CSF</p>
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|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>IL-3</p><p>G-CSF</p>
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|valign="top"|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>Il-3</p>
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| valign="top" |<p>GM-CSF</p><p>IL-3</p>
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|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>Il-3</p><p>Il-5</p>
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|<p>GM-CSF</p><p>IL-3</p><p>IL-5</p>
 
|-
 
|-
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!Rowspan="6"|Stages
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! rowspan="6" |Stages
 
|Monoblast
 
|Monoblast
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|colspan="3"|Myelocyte
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| colspan="3" |Myelocyte
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Promonocyte
 
|Promonocyte
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|colspan="3"|Promyelocyte
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| colspan="3" |Promyelocyte
 
|-
 
|-
−
|rowspan="4"|Monocyte
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| rowspan="4" |Monocyte
 
|Neutrophilic Myelocyte
 
|Neutrophilic Myelocyte
 
|Basophilic Myelocyte
 
|Basophilic Myelocyte
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|-
 
|-
 
|Neutrophilic Metamyelocyte
 
|Neutrophilic Metamyelocyte
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|rowspan="2"|Basophilic Metamyelocyte
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| rowspan="2" |Basophilic Metamyelocyte
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|rowspan="2"|Eosinophilic Metamyelocyte
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| rowspan="2" |Eosinophilic Metamyelocyte
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Band Cell
 
|Band Cell
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|Eosinophil
 
|Eosinophil
 
|}
 
|}
−
</div>
   
<Br clear="left">
 
<Br clear="left">
   −
===[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]]===
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==Neutrophils==
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Under the stimulation of GM-CSF, G-CSF and Il-3 the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GM]], the common precursor for both neutrophils and monocytes. This then further differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-G]].
+
Under the stimulation of [[Cytokines|cytokines]] GM-CSF, G-CSF and IL-3 the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GM]], the common precursor for both neutrophils and monocytes. This then further differentiates into [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-G]].
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====Stages====
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===Stages:===
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=====Myeloblast=====
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====Myeloblast====
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Large cell with a large nucleus and stains basophilic. Same stage exists for all granulocytes.
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Large cell with a large nucleus and which demonstrates basophilic staining. This stage exists for all granulocytes.
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=====Promyelocyte=====
  −
During this stage primary (azurophilic) granules are formed. Same stage exists for all granulocytes.
  −
=====Neutrophilic myelocyte=====
  −
Developing neutrophil can now be differentiated from basophils and eosinophils as specific granules are now being formed.
  −
=====Neutrophilic metamyelocyte=====
  −
At this stage mitosis can no longer occur. The nucleus elongates, becomes heterochromatic and has a kidney like shape. Differentiation is now much clearer between other granulocytes as the specific granules are in a far greater number than the primary granules formed in the promyelocyte stage.
     −
=====Band cell=====
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====Promyelocyte====
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During this stage primary (azurophilic) granules are formed. This stage exists for all granulocytes.
 +
 
 +
====Neutrophilic myelocyte====
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The developing neutrophil can now be differentiated from basophils and eosinophils as neutrophil specific granules are now being formed.
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 +
====Neutrophilic metamyelocyte====
 +
At this stage mitosis can no longer occur. The nucleus elongates, becomes heterochromatic and has a kidney like shape. Differentiation is now much clearer from other granulocytes as the specific granules are in a far greater number than the primary granules formed in the promyelocyte stage.
 +
 
 +
====Band cell====
 
Nucleus elongates further and represents a horse shoe. Nucleus starts to segment.
 
Nucleus elongates further and represents a horse shoe. Nucleus starts to segment.
−
=====Neutrophil=====
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====Neutrophil====
 
Mature neutrophil is formed and the nucleus is segmented and has 3 to 5 lobes. This lobular structure of the nucleus gives rise to the name polymorphonuclear neutrophil.
 
Mature neutrophil is formed and the nucleus is segmented and has 3 to 5 lobes. This lobular structure of the nucleus gives rise to the name polymorphonuclear neutrophil.
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
===[[Basophils|Basophils]]===
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−
Under the stimulation of GM-CSF and Il-3 the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-Ba]].
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==Basophils==
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====Stages====
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Under the stimulation of GM-CSF and IL-3, the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] differentiates into [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-Ba]].
−
===== Myeloblast & Promyelocyte=====
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===Stages:===
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These stages are common to all granulocytes and no distinction can be made between different cell lines. See [[#Stages|neutrophil stages]] for further information.
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====Myeloblast & Promyelocyte====
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=====Basophilic myelocyte & metamyelocyte=====
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These stages are common to all granulocytes and no distinction can be made between different cell lines.
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Specific granules start to appear in the myelocyte stage and once the cell has reached the metamyelocyte stage it cannot undergo further mitosis.
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−
=====Basophil=====
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====Basophilic myelocyte & metamyelocyte====
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Final nuclear shape is masked by high density of granules.
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Specific granules start to appear in the myelocyte stage, and as the cell develops into the metamyelocyte stage, mitosis ceases.
 +
 
 +
====Basophil====
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Final nuclear shape is masked by the high density of cytoplasmic granules.
 
<br>
 
<br>
   −
===[[Eosinophils|Eosinophils]]===
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==Eosinophils==
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Under the stimulation of GM-CSF, Il-3 and Il-5 the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-Eo]].
+
Under the stimulation of GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GEMM]] differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-Eo]].
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====Stages====
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===Stages:===
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===== Myeloblast & Promyelocyte=====
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====Myeloblast & Promyelocyte====
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These stages are common to all granulocytes and no distinction can be made between different cell lines. See [[#Stages|neutrophil stages]] for further information.
+
These stages are common to all granulocytes and no distinction can be made between different cell lines.
−
=====Eosinophilic myelocyte & metamyelocyte=====
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 +
====Eosinophilic myelocyte & metamyelocyte====
 
Specific granules start to appear in the myelocyte stage and once the cell has reached the metamyelocyte stage it cannot undergo further mitosis.
 
Specific granules start to appear in the myelocyte stage and once the cell has reached the metamyelocyte stage it cannot undergo further mitosis.
−
=====Eosinophil=====
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====Eosinophil====
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Mature cell has a bilobed nucleus.
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Mature cell has a bilobed nucleus. There are species specific variations in granule size once stained.
 
<br>
 
<br>
   −
==Monocyte development==
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==Monocytes==
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[[Monocytes|Monocytes]] develop from the same precursor as [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GM]]. This then differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-M]] under the influence of GM-CSF, IL-3 and M-CSF.
+
Monocytes develop from the same precursor as neutrophils - the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-GM]]. This then differentiates into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-M]] under the influence of GM-CSF, IL-3 and M-CSF.
−
===Stages===
+
===Stages:===
 
====Monoblast====
 
====Monoblast====
−
First stage after cell has differentiated into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-M]].
+
This is the first stage after cell has differentiated into the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-M]].
 
====Promonocyte====
 
====Promonocyte====
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Cell has a large nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm and consists of two populations:- One rapidly dividing and the other slowly dividing (acting as a reservoir).
+
Cell has a large nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm and consists of two populations:- One rapidly dividing and the other slowly dividing, which acts as a reservoir.
 +
====Monocyte====
 +
Monocytes are incapable of mitosis and enter the circulation. They have a large kidney shaped nucleus with a slightly basophilic cytoplasm, which is often vacuolated.
   −
====[[Monocytes|Monocyte]]====
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====Macrophage====
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Monocytes are incapable of mitosis and enter circulation. They have a large kidney shaped nucleus with a slightly basophilic cytoplasm.
+
Once the monocyte has entered tissue it differentiates into a macrophage.
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====[[Macrophages|Macrophage]]====
  −
Once the monocyte has entered tissue it differentiates into a [[Macrophages|macrophage]].
      
===Dendritic cells===
 
===Dendritic cells===
−
Develop from the monoblast under the stimualtion of GM-CSF and IL-4 into an immature dendritic cell. This then develops into the mature dendritic cell under stimulation of TNF-α.
+
These develop from the monoblast under the stimualtion of GM-CSF and IL-4 into an immature dendritic cell. This then develops into the mature [[T_cell_differentiation#Dendritic_Cells|dendritic cell]] under stimulation of TNF-α.
 
<br>
 
<br>
    
==Lymphopoiesis==
 
==Lymphopoiesis==
−
<p>[[Lymphocytes - Introduction|Lymphocytes]] develop from the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-L]]'s. Those destined to become [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]] leave the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] and migrate to the [[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology|thymus]], and those destined to be [[Lymphocytes#B cells|B cells]] migrate to the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and GALT or proliferate directly from the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]].</p><p>Follow these links for a more detailed explanation on [[T cell differentiation|T cell development]] and [[B cell differentiation |B cell development]].</p>
+
[[Lymphocytes - Introduction|Lymphocytes]] develop from the [[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-L]]'s. Those destined to become [[T cells]] leave the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] and migrate to the [[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology|thymus]], and those destined to be [[B cells]] migrate to the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) or proliferate directly from the bone marrow.
 
{|cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" border="1"  
 
{|cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" border="1"  
 
|
 
|
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|colspan="4"|CFU-L
 
|colspan="4"|CFU-L
 
|-align="center"
 
|-align="center"
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|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|<sup>▼Il-7 & Il-11</sup>
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|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|<sup>▼IL-7 & IL-11</sup>
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|colspan="3" style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼Il-7 & SCF</sup>
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|colspan="3" style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼IL-7 & SCF</sup>
 
|-align="center"
 
|-align="center"
 
|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|B lymphoid cell progenitor
 
|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|B lymphoid cell progenitor
 
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|T lymphoid cell progenitor
 
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|T lymphoid cell progenitor
 
|-align="center"
 
|-align="center"
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|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|<sup>▼Il-3 & Il-7</sup>
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|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|<sup>▼IL-3 & IL-7</sup>
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|style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼Il-7</sup>
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|style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼IL-7</sup>
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|style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼Il-2, IL-12 & Il-18</sup>
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|style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼IL-2, IL-12 & IL-18</sup>
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|style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼Il-3, Il-6, GM-CSF & SCF</sup>
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|style="background-color:#e6e6fa"|<sup>▼IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF & SCF</sup>
 
|-align="center"
 
|-align="center"
 
|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|Pre-B cell
 
|style="background-color:#ffffcc"|Pre-B cell
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|}
 
|}
 
<p>'''Note:'''
 
<p>'''Note:'''
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*That between the 'pre-[type] cell' stage and the final mature all the lymphocytes are referred to as 'immature [type] cells'.  
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*Between the 'pre-[type] cell' stage and the final mature all the lymphocytes are referred to as 'immature [type] cells'.  
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* T cell differentiation into it's different forms (helper, cytotoxic and T cell with regulator functions) is under stimulation by Il-10 & TNF-γ</p>
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* T cell differentiation into helper, cytotoxic and T cells with regulator functions is induced by IL-10 & TNF-γ
 
[[Category:Haematopoiesis]]
 
[[Category:Haematopoiesis]]
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