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| | |sublink1=Alimentary Flashcards - Pathology | | |sublink1=Alimentary Flashcards - Pathology |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | <br> | + | <FlashCard questions="21"> |
| − | ==Introduction== | + | |q1=Liver lesions are common because: |
| − | | + | |a1=it is an area of high metabolic activity<br>Receives toxic agents from the gut via the portal blood system<br>Has an extensive vascular supply (prime site for metastatic disease) |
| − | *This Page contains Flashcards for the pathology of the [[Liver - Pathology|Liver]]
| + | |l1=Liver General Pathology - Pathology#Introduction |
| − | | + | |q2=In each type of jaundice, will bilirubinuria be detected? |
| − | *In order to reveal an answer, highlight the underlined or bulleted area using your mouse.
| + | * Haemolytic |
| − | | + | * Obstructive |
| − | *The number of bullet points doesn't necessarily indicate a strict number of answers.
| + | * Hepatocellular |
| − | | + | |a2=NO - because most of bilirubin is unconjugated<br>YES - because conjugated bilirubin accumulates<br>NO - because bilirubin fails to conjugate due to liver cell damage<br>NB - the kidney can only excrete the water soluble conjugate |
| − | *Internet explorer is different - you'll have to guess where the underline should be!
| + | |l2=Liver General Pathology - Pathology#Jaundice (Icterus) |
| − | | + | |q3=In regards to secondary photosensitisation, what are two hepatotoxic plants? |
| − | ==Flashcards==
| + | |a3=Senecio jacobea (Ragwort)<br>Lantana camara (Lantana)<br>Lupinus angustifolius (Lupins)<br>Blue-green algae |
| − | | + | |l3=Liver General Pathology - Pathology#secondary photosensitisation |
| − | {| border="3" cellpadding="8"
| + | |q4=What are two causes of necrosis? |
| − | !width="400"|'''Question'''
| + | |a4=severe metabolic disturbances<br>Nutritional deficiencies<br>Toxic substances<br>Actions of micro-organisms |
| − | !width="400"|'''Answer'''
| + | |l4=Liver General Pathology - Pathology#Necrosis |
| − | !width="150"|'''Article'''
| + | |q5=What can cause the liver to appear greenish-blue post mortem? |
| − | | + | |a5=bacteria degrades blood pigment to hydrogen sulfide |
| − | |-
| + | |l5=Liver Post Mortem - Pathology#Gross |
| − | |<big>'''Liver lesions are common because:
| + | |q6=True or false? |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| + | Cranial displacements of the liver are the most common. |
| − | *'''''it is an area of high metabolic activity'''''
| + | |a6=false |
| − | *'''''receives toxic agents from the gut via the portal blood system'''''
| + | |l6=Liver Developmental - Pathology#Displacement |
| − | *'''''has an extensive vascular supply (prime site for metastatic disease)'''''
| + | |q7=What occurs during Congestion? |
| − | ||[[Liver General Pathology - Pathology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |a7=The right side of the heart fails to function properly and blood will back up through the veins into the liver. |
| − | |- | + | |l7=Liver Circulatory Disturbances - Pathology#Passive congestion |
| − | | + | |q8=True or false? |
| − | |- | + | Congenital melanosis in calves and lambs appears as white discoloration of small irregular portions of the liver. |
| − | |<big>'''In each type of jaundice, will bilirubinuria be detected? | + | |a8=false |
| − | * '''haemolytic
| + | |l8=Liver Pigmentation - Pathology#Congenital melanosis |
| − | * '''obstructive
| + | |q9=Hepatic lipidosis or fatty liver syndrome is associated with? |
| − | * '''hepatocellular
| + | |a9=Dietary factors: obesity and starvation<br>Increased demand for energy: pregnancy, lactation, and starvation in physiological states<br>Diabetes mellitus, ketosis, and pregnancy toxaemia in pathological conditions<br>Abnormal hepatocytic function: prevents fatty acids from forming complexes with proteins to form low density lipoproteins for secretion into the blood |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |l9=Liver Degenerative - Pathology#Hepatic lipidosis - fatty liver syndrome |
| − | *'''''NO - because most of bilirubin is unconjugated'''''
| + | |q10=What could be a non-pathological reason for a cow displaying fatty liver syndrome during necropsy? |
| − | *'''''YES - because conjugated bilirubin accumulates'''''
| + | |a10=It is possible to show fat infiltration of liver in cows which have not been eating for several days. |
| − | *'''''NO - because bilirubin fails to conjugate due to liver cell damage'''''
| + | |l10=Liver Degenerative - Pathology#Gross |
| − | *'''''NB - the kidney can only excrete the water soluble conjugate'''''
| + | |q11=True or false? |
| − | ||[[Liver General Pathology - Pathology#Jaundice (Icterus)|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | Equine hyperlipidemia or fat pony syndrome is similar to that in cats, as well as fatal within a week. |
| − | |-
| + | |a11=True |
| − | | + | |l11=Liver Degenerative - Pathology#Equine hyperlipidemia |
| − | | + | |q12=What causes Lysosomal storage disease and how does it manifest itself? |
| − | |- | + | |a12=Due to an inherited deficiency of lysosomal enzymes<br>Manifest themselves as neurological disease |
| − | |<big>'''In regards to secondary photosensitisation, what are two hepatotoxic plants? | + | |l12=Liver Storage Diseases - Pathology#Lysosomal storage diseases |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |q13=Herpes virus infections include - |
| − | *'''''Senecio jacobea (Ragwort)'''''
| + | |a13=Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis<br>Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis<br>Feline Viral Rhinopneumonitis<br>Aujesky's disease in pigs |
| − | *'''''Lantana camara (Lantana)'''''
| + | |l13=Liver Inflammatory - Pathology#Herpes virus infections |
| − | *'''''Lupinus angustifolius (Lupins)'''''
| + | |q14=You are examining a cow's liver post-necropsy. You notice the liver has several small areas of necrosis. Is this more likely to be Black Disease or Red Water Disease? |
| − | *'''''Blue-green algae'''''
| + | |a14=Black Disease |
| − | ||[[Liver General Pathology - Pathology#secondary photosensitisation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |l14=Liver Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease) |
| − | |-
| + | |q15=What are the two main types of Hepatitis in cats? |
| − | | + | |a15=Cholangiohepatitis<br>Lymphocytic portal hepatitis |
| − | |-
| + | |l15=Liver Inflammatory - Pathology#Hepatitis in cats |
| − | |<big>'''What are two causes of necrosis? | + | |q16=True or false? |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | Use of carbon tetrachloride as an anthelmintic and phosphorous as a rodenticide has never been proven to produce liver necrosis. |
| − | *'''''severe metabolic disturbances'''''
| + | |a16=False |
| − | *'''''nutritional deficiencies'''''
| + | |l16=Liver Toxic - Pathology#Acute hepatoxicity |
| − | *'''''toxic substances'''''
| + | |q17=Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have an anti-mitotic effect whilst allowing continued synthesis within the cell and its nucleus. This causes a marked increase in the size of parenchymal cells, a phenomenon termed - |
| − | *'''''actions of micro-organisms'''''
| + | |a17=megalocytosis |
| − | ||[[Liver General Pathology - Patholgoy#Necrosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| + | |l17=Liver Toxic - Pathology#Ragwort |
| − | |- | + | |q18=What are the two most common primary hepatic neoplasms? |
| − | | + | |a18=Liver cell tumours<br>Malignant bile duct tumours |
| − | |- | + | |l18=Liver Proliferative - Pathology#Primary tumours |
| − | |<big>'''What can cause the liver to appear greenish-blue post mortem?
| + | |q19=Haemangiosarcoma can be primary in the liver, what are other predilection sites? |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |a19=Spleen<br>Right auricle of the heart |
| − | *'''''bacteria degrades blood pigment to hydrogen sulfide'''''
| + | |l19=Liver Proliferative - Pathology#Haemangiosarcoma |
| − | ||[[Liver Post Mortem - Pathology#Gross|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | |q20=True or false? |
| − | |- | + | Chronic lymphocytic cholangitis generally afflicts only very young cats. |
| − | | + | |a20=false |
| − | |- | + | |l20=Liver Unknown Aetiology - Pathology#Chronic lymphocytic cholangitis |
| − | |<big>'''True or false?
| + | |q21=What are two causes of Cholangitis of the liver? |
| − | '''Cranial displacements of the liver are the most common.
| + | |a21=Ascending infections from the intestine<br>Associated with organisms excreted via the bile |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | + | |l21=Liver Biliary Tract - Pathology#Cholangitis |
| − | *'''''false'''''
| + | </FlashCard> |
| − | ||[[Liver Developmental - Pathology#Displacement|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |- | |
| − | | |
| − | |- | |
| − | |<big>'''What occurs during Congestion? | |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''The right side of the heart fails to function properly and blood will back up through the veins into the liver.
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Circulatory Disturbances - Pathology#Passive congestion|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | |
| − | |- | |
| − | | |
| − | |- | |
| − | |<big>'''True or false? | |
| − | '''Congenital melanosis in calves and lambs appears as white discoloration of small irregular portions of the liver.
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big> | |
| − | *'''''false'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Pigmentation - Patholgoy#Congenital melanosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Hepatic lipidosis or fatty liver syndrome is associated with -
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''dietary factors: obesity and starvation '''''
| |
| − | *'''''increased demand for energy: pregnancy, lactation, and starvation in physiological states '''''
| |
| − | *'''''Diabetes mellitus, ketosis, and pregnancy toxaemia in pathological conditions '''''
| |
| − | *'''''abnormal hepatocytic function: prevents fatty acids from forming complexes with proteins to form low density lipoproteins for secretion into the blood '''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Degenerative - Pathology#Hepatic lipidosis - fatty liver syndrome|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What could be a non-pathological reason for a cow displaying fatty liver syndrome during necropsy?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''It is possible to show fat infiltration of liver in cows which have not been eating for several days.
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Degenerative - Pathology#Gross|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''True or false?
| |
| − | '''Equine hyperlipidemia or fat pony syndrome is similar to that in cats, as well as fatal within a week.
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''true'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Degenerative - Pathology#Equine hyperlipidemia|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What causes Lysosomal storage disease and how does it manifest itself?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''due to an inherited deficiency of lysosomal enzymes'''''
| |
| − | *'''''manifest themselves as neurological disease '''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Storage Diseases - Pathology#Lysosomal storage diseases|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Herpes virus infections include -
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Feline Viral Rhinopneumonitis'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Aujesky's disease in pigs '''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Inflammatory - Pathology#Herpes virus infections|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''You are examining a cow's liver post-necropsy. You notice the liver has several small areas of necrosis. Is this more likely to be Black Disease or Red Water Disease?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''Black Disease'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease)|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two main types of Hepatitis in cats?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''cholangiohepatitis'''''
| |
| − | *'''''Lymphocytic portal hepatitis'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Inflammatory - Pathology#Hepatitis in cats|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''True or false?
| |
| − | '''Use of carbon tetrachloride as an anthelmintic and phosphorous as a rodenticide has never been proven to produce liver necrosis.
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''false'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Toxic - Pathology#Acute hepatoxicity|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have an anti-mitotic effect whilst allowing continued synthesis within the cell and its nucleus. This causes a marked increase in the size of parenchymal cells, a phenomenon termed -
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''megalocytosis'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Toxic - Pathology#Ragwort|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are the two most common primary hepatic neoplasms?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''liver cell tumours'''''
| |
| − | *'''''malignant bile duct tumours '''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Proliferative - Pathology#Primary tumours|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''Haemangiosarcoma can be primary in the liver, what are other predilection sites?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''spleen'''''
| |
| − | *'''''right auricle of the heart'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Proliferative - Pathology#Haemangiosarcoma|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''True or false?
| |
| − | '''Chronic lymphocytic cholangitis generally afflicts only very young cats.
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''false'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Unknown Aetiology - Pathology#Chronic lymphocytic cholangitis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |<big>'''What are two causes of Cholangitis of the liver?
| |
| − | ||<font color="white"> <big>
| |
| − | *'''''ascending infections from the intestine'''''
| |
| − | *'''''associated with organisms excreted via the bile'''''
| |
| − | ||[[Liver Biliary Tract - Pathology#Cholangitis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
| |
| − | |-
| |